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Delayed-Choice Quantum Erasure Experiment: A Causal Explanation Using Wave-Particle Non-Duality

Nakka Gurappa

Published Jul 1, 2021• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

According to the recently proposed ``wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function is an `instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which a quantum flies akin to the case of a test particle moving along a geodesic in the curved space-time of general theory of relativity. By making use of this physical nature, a causal explanation is provided for the delayed-choice quantum erasure experiment.

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According to Quantum Mechanics, the particles can exhibit either particle properties or wave properties depending on the experimental set up (wave-particle dualism). A special behavior occurs for a system of two entangled particles 1 and 2 that propagate along two different directions in the space. In such a case, the entangled particle 2 should exhibit either the particle behavior or the wave behavior depending on the kind of measurement that is performed on particle 1 whatever is the actual distance between the two particles. The apparently surprising fact is that the "choice" of what kind of measurement is performed on particle 1 can be also made when particle 2 has been already detected (delayed-choice quantum eraser).These theoretical predictions have been confirmed by the experiments and seem to suggest that a future measurement can affect a past event. Recently, both the concepts of "delayed choice" and of "quantum erasure" have been criticized by Ellerman and by Kastner. In this paper we propose an alternative analysis of the delayed-choice quantum eraser with two entangled particles and we show that it does not imply an inversion of the natural cause-effect temporal order of the physical events.

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According to the recently proposed ``wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function is an `instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which a quantum flies akin to the case of a test particle moving along a geodesic in the curved space-time of general theory of relativity. By making use of this physical nature, a causal explanation is provided for the delayed-choice quantum erasure experiment.
A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation at a single-quantum level' is presented by showing the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function as an ‘instantaneous resonant spatial mode’ to which a particle's motion is confined. The initial phase associated with a state vector is identified to be related to a particular position eigenstate of the particle and hence, the equality of quantum mechanical time to classical time is obtained; this equality automatically explains the emergence of classical world from the underlying quantum world. Derivation of the Born rule as a limiting case of the relative frequency of detection is provided for the first time, which automatically resolves the measurement problem. Also, the Born rule derivation is supplemented with a geometrical interpretation. `What’s really going on' in Young's double-slit and Wheeler's delayed-choice experiments is explained at a single-quantum level. Also, an interference experiment is proposed to verify the correctness of the non-dualistic interpretation.
The Schrödinger's wave function can naturally be realized as an 'instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which quantum particle moves and hence the Born's rule is derived after identifying its origin. This realization facilitates the visualization of `what's really going on?' in the Young's double-slit experiment which is known to be the central mystery of quantum mechanics. Also, an actual mechanism underlying the `spooky-action-at-a-distance', another mystery regarding the entangled quantum particles, is revealed. Wheeler's delayed choice experiments, delayed choice quantum eraser experiment and delayed choice entanglement swapping experiments are unambiguously and naturally explained at a single quantum level. The reality of Nature represented by the quantum mechanical formalism is conceptually intuitive and is independent of the measurement problem.
A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation' at the single-quantum level, existing within the quantum formalism, is presented by showing the Schr\odinger wave function as an `{\it instantaneous resonant spatial mode}' where a particle moves. For the first time, the position eigenstate of a particle is identified to be related to the absolute phase of the wave function in such a way that its position eigen values always lie on a classical trajectory, proving that the `time parameter' is common to both classical and quantum mechanics. It's brought into light that the quantum formalism demands a different kind of boundary conditions to be imposed to the wave function unlike classical formalism and hence naturally yields the Born rule as a limiting case of the relative frequency of detection. This derivation of the Born rule automatically resolves the measurement problem. Also, these boundary conditions immediately expound Bohr's principle of complementarity at a single quantum level. Further, the non-duality naturally contains the required physical mechanism to elucidate why the Copenhagen interpretation is experimentally so successful. The single-quantum phenomenon is then used to unambiguously explain what's really going on in the Young double-slit experiment as anticipated by Feynmann and the same is again used to provide a causal explanation of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment.
A new wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation for the quantum formalism is presented by proving that the Schrödinger wave function is an `{\it instantaneous resonant spatial mode}' in which the quantum particle moves. The probabilities in quantum mechanics arise only for the observer's perspective due to the nature of doing experiments but they do not exist in Nature. In other words, quantum mechanics itself is not a probabilistic theory. This view-point is proved by deriving the Born's rule by showing it to be equal to the experimentally observed relative frequencies. Also, it is shown that the classical and quantum mechanical times are one and the same. By identifying the already inherently existing mechanism for the collapse of wave function within the quantum formalism, the present interpretation naturally proves why the Copenhagen interpretation is very successful in explaining the experimental outcomes. The Young's double-slit experiment, the Wheeler's delayed choice experiment and the Afshar's experiment are unambiguously explained at a single quantum level. Both `measurement problem' and `retrocausality' are absent in the present non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.
According to Quantum Mechanics, the particles can exhibit either particle properties or wave properties depending on the experimental set up (wave-particle dualism). A special behavior occurs for a system of two entangled particles 1 and 2 that propagate along two different directions in the space. In such a case, the entangled particle 2 should exhibit either the particle behavior or the wave behavior depending on the kind of measurement that is performed on particle 1 whatever is the actual distance between the two particles. The apparently surprising fact is that the "choice" of what kind of measurement is performed on particle 1 can be also made when particle 2 has been already detected (delayed-choice quantum eraser).These theoretical predictions have been confirmed by the experiments and seem to suggest that a future measurement can affect a past event. Recently, both the concepts of "delayed choice" and of "quantum erasure" have been criticized by Ellerman and by Kastner. In this paper we propose an alternative analysis of the delayed-choice quantum eraser with two entangled particles and we show that it does not imply an inversion of the natural cause-effect temporal order of the physical events.