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Quantum Optics and Photon Counting

Multiuser optical information authentication using photon counting in spiral phase transform domain

Ravi Kumar, Chenggen Quan

Published Apr 30, 2019• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the present time, the substantial advances in communication technology have prompted many challenges including secure transmission of sensitive information. Optical techniques have also been studied extensively for information security and validation. In this paper, we present a new optical information authentication techniques using photon counting in spiral phase transform (SPT) domain. SPT is used for the optical propagation. For SPT, a modified spiral phase function is utilized which defines the order of the transform. In the encryption process, an asymmetric approach is used, in which, first the input image is combined with the random phase mask and Fresnel propagated with a distance, d to get the intermediated image. Further, the polar decomposition (PD) is applied to the intermediate image which will give a rotational matrix and two symmetric matrices. The symmetric matrices can be used for authenticating the original information and serve as the private keys. The final encrypted image is obtained by performing the SPT of a particular order on the rotational matrix after PD. The encrypted image is made sparse by randomly retaining few pixels using photon counting approach. For authentication, the nonlinear correlation approach is studied, which offer better correlation peaks with fewer sparse-based complex samples. The numerical simulation results have been presented in support of the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technique. The proposed method deals with the optical encryption, authentication and also overcomes the limitations of data storage issue.

DOI
10.1117/12.2520844

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In the present time, the substantial advances in communication technology have prompted many challenges including secure transmission of sensitive information. Optical techniques have also been studied extensively for information security and validation. In this paper, we present a new optical information authentication techniques using photon counting in spiral phase transform (SPT) domain. SPT is used for the optical propagation. For SPT, a modified spiral phase function is utilized which defines the order of the transform. In the encryption process, an asymmetric approach is used, in which, first the input image is combined with the random phase mask and Fresnel propagated with a distance, d to get the intermediated image. Further, the polar decomposition (PD) is applied to the intermediate image which will give a rotational matrix and two symmetric matrices. The symmetric matrices can be used for authenticating the original information and serve as the private keys. The final encrypted image is obtained by performing the SPT of a particular order on the rotational matrix after PD. The encrypted image is made sparse by randomly retaining few pixels using photon counting approach. For authentication, the nonlinear correlation approach is studied, which offer better correlation peaks with fewer sparse-based complex samples. The numerical simulation results have been presented in support of the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technique. The proposed method deals with the optical encryption, authentication and also overcomes the limitations of data storage issue.
Abstract In this study, we propose a new nonlinear optical image encryption technique using spiral phase transform (SPT). First, the primary image is phase encoded and multiplied with a random amplitude mask (RAM), and using power function, the product is then powered to m . This powered output is Fresnel propagated with distance z 1 and then modulated with a random phase mask (RPM). The modulated image is further Fresnel propagated with distance z 2 . Similarly, a security image is also modulated with another RAM and then Fresnel propagated with distance z 3 . Next, the two modulated images after Fresnel propagations, are interfered and further Fresnel propagated with distance z 4 to get a complex image. Finally, this complex image is SPT with particular spiral phase function (SPF), to get the final encrypted image for transmission. In the proposed technique, the security keys are Fresnel propagation distances, the security image, RPM, RAMs, power order, m , and order of SPF, q . Numerical simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technique. The proposed technique is robust against noise and brutal force attacks.
We investigate a full phase based photon-counting double-random-phase encryption (PC-DRPE) method. A photon-counting technique is applied during the encryption process creating sparse images. The statistical distribution of the photon-counting decrypted data for full phase encoding and amplitude phase encoding are derived and their statistical parameters are used for authentication. The performance of the full phase PC-DRPE is compared with the amplitude-based PC-DRPE method. The photon-counting decrypted images make it difficult to visually authenticate the input image; however, advanced correlation filters can be used to authenticate the decrypted images given the correct keys. Initial computational simulations show that the full phase PC-DRPE has the potential to require fewer photons for authentication than the amplitude-based PC-DRPE.\nIn addition, we propose an optical security method for object authentication using photon-counting encryption implemented with phase encoded QR codes. By combining the full phase double-random-phase encryption with photon-counting imaging method and applying an iterative Huffman coding technique, we are able to encrypt and compress an image containing primary information about the object. This data can then be stored inside of an optically phase encoded QR code for robust read out, decryption, and authentication. The optically encoded QR code is verified by examining the speckle signature of the optical masks using statistical analysis. Optical experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. In addition, experiments with a commercial Smartphone to read the optically encoded QR code are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on integrating photon-counting security with optically phase encoded QR codes.
The multifactor optical encryption authentication method [Opt. Lett., 31 721-3 (2006)] reinforces optical security by allowing the simultaneous authentication of up to four factors. In this work, the photon-counting imaging technique is applied to the multifactor encrypted function so that a sparse phase-only distribution is generated for the encrypted data. The integration of both techniques permits an increased capacity for signal hiding with simultaneous data reduction for better fulfilling the general requirements of protection, storage and transmission. Cryptanalysis of the proposed method is carried out in terms of chosen-plaintext and chosen-ciphertext attacks. Although the multifactor authentication process is not substantially altered by those attacks, its integration with the photon-counting imaging technique prevents from possible partial disclosure of any encrypted factor, thus increasing the security level of the overall process. Numerical experiments and results are provided and discussed.
Optical techniques have been widely studied for securing and validating information, which is one of the most important challenges of the present time. In this work, we study simultaneous authentication of multiple input encrypted images which have been multiplexed in a single plane. The interference-based encryption architecture is used to generate two phase masks for each distinct image, which would serve as the phase lock and the phase key. The phases are made sparse by randomly retaining few pixels of the phase values. The phase locks corresponding to different images are then multiplexed in a single plane. For authenticating the phase masks, the concept of nonlinear correlation has been applied, which offer better correlation peaks than the conventional joint transform correlators. The proposed idea aims to achieve simultaneous encryption and authentication of multiple images and overcomes the constraints of storage issue.
We propose a novel optical asymmetric cryptosystem combining the photon counting imaging with phase-truncated Fresnel transform, which can be used for complete information retrieval and authentication verification. The proposed combination overcomes the weakness of photon counting-based double random phase-encoding scheme. For retrieval of original image for authentication, the reverse process of phase truncation approach is followed and a nonlinear correlation filter is used. The complete information retrieval and authentication verification are possible provided sufficient number of photons is available. To check the robustness of the proposed scheme, attack analysis has been carried out. The simulation results are presented to demonstrate the proposed idea.
We propose an image encryption system based on phase mask multiplexing and photon counting imaging (PCI) technique for multiple image authentications and digital hologram security. Multiple images to be authenticated are converted into phase-only images using a phase-retrieval algorithm in fractional Fourier transform domain. The multiple phase-only images are multiplexed into a single phase-only mask and it is further encrypted into a complex-valued function. The photon-limited image is generated by applying the PCI technique to a complex-valued function. For decryption, the photon-limited decrypted images are obtained after applying the appropriate keys. The photon-limited decrypted image contains sufficient information for verification because this image has sparse representation. To verify the photon-limited decrypted image, the optical correlation filters can be used. The proposed system has also been used for hologram security. For hologram security, the system provides multiple layers of security by hiding multiple encrypted images. The computer simulation results have been presented. The authentication scheme has been tested for securing three-dimensional information through experimentally recorded Fresnel digital hologram.