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Chinese Physics Letters

Measurement of Zeeman Shift of Cesium Atoms Using an Optical Nanofiber

Chuan-Biao Zhang, Dian-Qiang Su, Zhonghua Ji, Yanting Zhao, Liantuan Xiao, Suotang Jia

Published Aug 1, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nanofibers have many promising applications because of their advantages of high power density and ultralow saturated light intensity. We present here a Zeeman shift of the Doppler-broadened cesium D 2 transition using a tapered optical nanofiber in the presence of a magnetic field. When a weak magnetic field is parallel to the propagating light in the nanofiber, the Zeeman shift rates for different circularly polarized spectra are observed. For the σ + component, the typical linear Zeeman shift rates of F = 3 and F = 4 ground-state cesium atoms are measured to be 3.10( ±0.19 ) MHz/G and 3.91( ±0.16 ) MHz/G. For the σ − component, the values are measured to be −2.81( ± 0.25) MHz/G, and −0.78( ± 0.28) MHz/G. The Zeeman shift using the tapered nanofiber can help to develop magnetometers to measure the magnetic field at the narrow local region and the dispersive signal to lock laser frequency .

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/35/8/083201

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中国物理B：英文版•Jan 1, 2013•0 citations
Nanofibers have many promising applications because of their advantages of high power density and ultralow saturated light intensity. We present here a Zeeman shift of the Doppler-broadened cesium D 2 transition using a tapered optical nanofiber in the presence of a magnetic field. When a weak magnetic field is parallel to the propagating light in the nanofiber, the Zeeman shift rates for different circularly polarized spectra are observed. For the σ + component, the typical linear Zeeman shift rates of F = 3 and F = 4 ground-state cesium atoms are measured to be 3.10( ±0.19 ) MHz/G and 3.91( ±0.16 ) MHz/G. For the σ − component, the values are measured to be −2.81( ± 0.25) MHz/G, and −0.78( ± 0.28) MHz/G. The Zeeman shift using the tapered nanofiber can help to develop magnetometers to measure the magnetic field at the narrow local region and the dispersive signal to lock laser frequency .
We report on the observation of a Zeeman shift (order of 100 MHz) of the Doppler-broadened D2 transition of both 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes via transmission through a 400 nm diameter optical nanofiber in the presence of a DC magnetic field. Linearly-polarized light propagating in the nanofiber is analyzed as a superposition of two orthogonally circularly polarized orientations, σ+ and σ-. In the absence of the magnetic field, the absorption of these polarizations by the atomic vapor, via the evanescent field at the waist of the nanofiber, is degenerate. When a weak magnetic field is applied parallel to the propagating light, this degeneracy is lifted and relative shifts in the resonance frequencies are detected. Typical linear shift rates of 1.6 MHz/G and -2.0 MHz/G were observed. We also demonstrate a dichroic atomic vapor laser lock line shape by monitoring the real-time subtraction of the two magnetically-shifted absorption spectra. This is particularly interesting for magneto-optical experiments as it could be directly implemented for diode laser frequencystabilization.
We demonstrate that when laser light is circularly polarized and properly detuned, the ac Stark shift of an alkali-metal atom in its ground state takes the form of a pure Zeeman shift. The condition is satisfied when the laser frequency is between the D1D1D1 and D2D2D2 transition frequencies, with the size of the detuning from the D2D2D2 resonance twice that from the D1D1D1 resonance. The direction of the effective magnetic field is along the laser propagation axis, and its magnitude is proportional to the vector polarizability of the atom and to the laser intensity. We use stimulated Raman spectroscopy on an optically pumped slow atomic beam from a magneto-optical trap to measure the vector polarizability and saturated absorption spectroscopy to show that the scalar polarizability vanishes at the particular detuning.
Recently a new type of spectroscopy using Zeeman shift has been developed, which aims for a large recapture range by making a dispersive-like signal obtained from the subtraction of two different circularly polarized Doppler-broadened absorption signals in the presence of a magnetic field (order of 100 G). We would like to propose another method for stabilizing a diode laser frequency onto an atomic frequency with a small tunable range in the presence of small longitudinal magnetic field (order of Gauss). A solid state diode laser is preferred as it is a good light source. Our technique has the advantages of cancellation of frequency fluctuation over side-locking and no need for phase-sensitive detection and frequency modulation over peak-locking. A subtracted SAS signal and the blocking signal are displayed on one photodiode.
We report our study of the magneto-optical effect in a strictly linear regime on spin-polarized cold cesium atoms. Due to the low intensity and the short illumination period of the probe beam, less than 7.5% of the sample atoms change their states by absorbing probe photons. We produce a medium of atoms at rest in either the 6S1∕2,F=3,mF=06{S}_{1∕2},F=3,{m}_{F}=06S1∕2​,F=3,mF​=0 or 6S1∕2,F=3,mF=36{S}_{1∕2},F=3,{m}_{F}=36S1∕2​,F=3,mF​=3 state by optically pumping atoms trapped in a magneto-optical trap. We use the D1D1D1 resonance with large lower and upper state hyperfine splittings as a probe transition to avoid hyperfine mixing from the Zeeman interaction. Under this idealized situation we measure the Stokes parameters in order to find the polarization rotation and circular dichroism experienced by the probe light. We find that there are qualitative differences between the results for the mF=0{m}_{F}=0mF​=0 and mF=3{m}_{F}=3mF​=3 cases. While dispersion and consequent Faraday rotation play a dominant role when the atoms are in the mF=0{m}_{F}=0mF​=0 state, it is dissipation and circular dichroism that are important when they are in the mF=3{m}_{F}=3mF​=3 state. Similarly, while the size of the Faraday rotation and the circular dichroism for the mF=0{m}_{F}=0mF​=0 case scales linearly with the applied magnetic field, for the mF=3{m}_{F}=3mF​=3 case it is the shift of the probe polarization change versus frequency that is linearly proportional to the magnetic field strength.
The D1 line spectrally selective pumping process in Doppler-broadened cesium is analyzed by solving the optical Bloch equations. The process, described by a three-level model with the A scheme, shows that the saturation intensity of broadened atoms is three orders of magnitude larger than that of resting atoms. The 丨Fg = 3） →丨Fe = 4） resonance pumping can result in the ground state丨Fg = 4, mF = 4） sublevel having a maximum population of 0.157 and the population difference would be about 0.01 in two adjacent magnetic sublevels of the hyperfine （HF） state Fg = 4. To enhance the anisotropy in the ground state, we suggest employing dichromatic optical HF pumping by adding a laser to excite D1 line 丨Fg = 4） → 丨Fe = 3） transition, in which the cesium magnetometer sensitivity increases by half a magnitude and is unaffected by the nonlinear Zeeman effect even in Earth＇s average magnetic field.