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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

High-purity single-mode photon source for integrated quantum photonics

Xiyuan Lu, Wei C. Jiang, Jidong Zhang, Qiang Lin

Published May 21, 2015• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on photon sources that have great purity, single-mode property, scalability, integrability and flexibility for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication. Here we report a photon-pair/single-photon source that utilizes cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microresonator. The photon-pair source has a spectral brightness of 6:25 × 108 pairs/s/mW2/GHz and a quantum cross-correlation of g(2)si (0) = (2:58 ± 0:16) × 104. The generated photons are single-mode, with a quantum self-correlation of 1:87 ± 0:05. The heralded single photons has conditional photon autocorrelation gc(2) as low as 0:0075 ± 0:0017 at 5:9 × 104 pair/s.

DOI
10.1117/12.2177630

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•Jan 1, 2013•3 citations
Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on photon sources that have great purity, single-mode property, scalability, integrability and flexibility for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication. Here we report a photon-pair/single-photon source that utilizes cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microresonator. The photon-pair source has a spectral brightness of 6:25 × 108 pairs/s/mW2/GHz and a quantum cross-correlation of g(2)si (0) = (2:58 ± 0:16) × 104. The generated photons are single-mode, with a quantum self-correlation of 1:87 ± 0:05. The heralded single photons has conditional photon autocorrelation gc(2) as low as 0:0075 ± 0:0017 at 5:9 × 104 pair/s.
Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on the purity, scalability, integrability, and flexibility of a photon source to support diverse quantum functionalities on a single chip. Here we report a chip-scale photon-pair source on the silicon-on-insulator platform that utilizes dramatic cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator. The device is able to produce high-quality photon pairs at different wavelengths with a high spectral brightness of 6.24×10(7) pairs/s/mW(2)/GHz and photon-pair correlation with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 1386 ± 278 while pumped with a continuous-wave laser. The superior performance, together with the structural compactness and CMOS compatibility, opens up a great avenue towards quantum silicon photonics with capability of multi-channel parallel information processing for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication.
Photon-pair sources are critical building blocks for photonic quantum systems. Leveraging Kerr nonlinearity and cavity-enhanced spontaneous four-wave mixing, chip-scale photon-pair sources can be created using microresonators built on photonic integrated circuit. For practical applications, a high microresonator quality factor Q is mandatory to magnify photon-pair sources' brightness and reduce their linewidth. The former is proportional to Q^{4}, while the latter is inversely proportional to Q. Here, we demonstrate an integrated, microresonator-based, narrowband photon-pair source. The integrated microresonator, made of silicon nitride and fabricated using a standard CMOS foundry process, features ultralow loss down to 0.03 dB/cm and intrinsic Q factor exceeding 10^{7}. The photon-pair source has brightness of 1.17×10^{9} Hz/mW^{2}/GHz and linewidth of 25.9 MHz, both of which are record values for silicon-photonics-based quantum light source. It further enables a heralded single-photon source with heralded second-order correlation g_{h}^{(2)}(0)=0.0037(5), as well as an energy-time entanglement source with a raw visibility of 0.973(9). Our work evidences the global potential of ultralow-loss integrated photonics to create novel quantum light sources and circuits, catalyzing efficient, compact, and robust interfaces to quantum communication and networks.
We demonstrate a silicon-chip biphoton source with an unprecedented quantum cross-correlation up to g si (2) (0) = (2.58 ± 0.16) × 10 4 . The emitted photons are within single whispering gallery mode with self-correlations of g ss (2) (0) = 1.90 ± 0.05 and g ii (2) (0) = 1.87 ± 0.06 for signal and idler photons, respectively. We observe the waveform asymmetry of cross-correlation between signal and idler photons and reveal the identical and nonexponential nature of self-correlations of individual signal and idler photon modes, which is the nature of cavity-enhanced nonlinear optical processes. The high efficiency and high purity of the biphoton source allow us to herald single photons with a conditional self-correlation g c (2) (0) as low as 0.0059 ± 0.0014 at a pair flux of 1.95 × 10 5 pairs/s, which remains below 0.026 ± 0.001 for a biphoton flux up to 2.93 × 10 6 pairs/s with a tunable photon preparation efficiency in the single-mode fiber up to 51% and a raw heralding efficiency up to 3.4%. Our work unambiguously demonstrates that silicon photonic chips are superior material and device platforms for integrated quantum photonics.
We demonstrate a silicon-chip biphoton source with an unprecedented quantum cross correlation up to gsi(2)(0)=(2.58±0.16)×104{\rm g_{si}^{(2)}(0) = (2.58 \pm 0.16) \times 10^4}gsi(2)​(0)=(2.58±0.16)×104. The emitted biphotons are intrinsically single-mode, with self correlations of gss(2)(0)=1.90±0.05{\rm g_{ss}^{(2)}(0) = 1.90 \pm 0.05}gss(2)​(0)=1.90±0.05 and gii(2)(0)=1.87±0.06{\rm g_{ii}^{(2)}(0) = 1.87 \pm 0.06}gii(2)​(0)=1.87±0.06 for signal and idler photons, respectively. We observe the waveform asymmetry of cross correlation between signal and idler photons and reveal the identical and non-exponential nature of self correlations of individual signal and idler photon modes, which is a nature of cavity-enhanced nonlinear optical processes. The high efficiency and high purity of the biphoton source allow us to herald single photons with a conditional self correlation gc(2)(0)\rm g_{c}^{(2)}(0)gc(2)​(0) as low as 0.0059±0.0014\rm 0.0059 \pm 0.00140.0059±0.0014 at a pair flux of 1.95×105\rm 1.95 \times 10^51.95×105 pairs/s, which remains below 0.026±0.001\rm 0.026 \pm 0.0010.026±0.001 for a biphoton flux up to 2.93×106\rm 2.93 \times 10^62.93×106 pairs/s, with a photon preparation efficiency in the single-mode fiber up to 51%, among the best values that have ever been reported. Our work unambiguously demonstrates that silicon photonic chips are superior material and device platforms for integrated quantum photonics.
While integrated photonics is a robust platform for quantum information processing, architectures for photonic quantum computing place stringent demands on high quality information carriers. Sources of single photons that are highly indistinguishable and pure, that are either near-deterministic or heralded with high efficiency, and that are suitable for mass-manufacture, have been elusive. Here, we demonstrate on-chip photon sources that simultaneously meet each of these requirements. Our photon sources are fabricated in silicon using mature processes, and exploit a dual-mode pump-delayed excitation scheme to engineer the emission of spectrally pure photon pairs through inter-modal spontaneous four-wave mixing in low-loss spiralled multi-mode waveguides. We simultaneously measure a spectral purity of 0.9904 ± 0.0006, a mutual indistinguishability of 0.987 ± 0.002, and >90% intrinsic heralding efficiency. We measure on-chip quantum interference with a visibility of 0.96 ± 0.02 between heralded photons from different sources.