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Physical Review A

Optomechanical detection of weak microwave signals with the assistance of a plasmonic wave

A. Asghari Nejad, Hassan Randjbar Askari, Hamid Reza Baghshahi

Published May 29, 2018• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Entanglement between optical fields and microwave signals can be used as a quantum optical sensing technique to detect received microwave signals from a low-reflecting object which is encompassed by a bright thermal environment. Here, we introduce and analyze an optomechanical system for detecting weak reflected microwave signals from an object of low reflectivity. In our system, coupling and consequently entanglement between microwave and optical photons are achieved by means of a plasmonic wave. The main problem that can be moderated in the field of quantum optical sensing of weak microwave signals is suppressing the destructive effect of high temperatures on the entanglement between microwave signals and optical photons. For this purpose, we will show that our system can perform at high temperatures as well as low ones. It will be shown that the presence of the plasmonic wave can reduce the destructive effect of the thermal noises on the entanglement between microwave and optical photons. Also, we will show that the optomechanical interaction is vital to create an appropriate entanglement between microwave and optical photons.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.97.053839

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Entanglement between optical fields and microwave signals can be used as a quantum optical sensing technique to detect received microwave signals from a low-reflecting object which is encompassed by a bright thermal environment. Here, we introduce and analyze an optomechanical system for detecting weak reflected microwave signals from an object of low reflectivity. In our system, coupling and consequently entanglement between microwave and optical photons are achieved by means of a plasmonic wave. The main problem that can be moderated in the field of quantum optical sensing of weak microwave signals is suppressing the destructive effect of high temperatures on the entanglement between microwave signals and optical photons. For this purpose, we will show that our system can perform at high temperatures as well as low ones. It will be shown that the presence of the plasmonic wave can reduce the destructive effect of the thermal noises on the entanglement between microwave and optical photons. Also, we will show that the optomechanical interaction is vital to create an appropriate entanglement between microwave and optical photons.
Quantum illumination is a quantum-optical sensing technique in which an entangled source is exploited to improve the detection of a low-reflectivity object that is immersed in a bright thermal background. Here, we describe and analyze a system for applying this technique at microwave frequencies, a more appropriate spectral region for target detection than the optical, due to the naturally occurring bright thermal background in the microwave regime. We use an electro-optomechanical converter to entangle microwave signal and optical idler fields, with the former being sent to probe the target region and the latter being retained at the source. The microwave radiation collected from the target region is then phase conjugated and upconverted into an optical field that is combined with the retained idler in a joint-detection quantum measurement. The error probability of this microwave quantum-illumination system, or quantum radar, is shown to be superior to that of any classical microwave radar of equal transmitted energy.
Optomechanical systems can convert the microwave signal into the optical one, which provides us a candidate to detect weak microwave signal. Employing an optomechanical system, we investigate the effects of the non-Markovian environment on improving the sensitivity of weak microwave signal detection. Our results show that the non-Markovian environment with superohmic spectrum supports the improvement of sensitivity. A comparison between the direct measurement and homodyne detection shows that the latter can enhance the output power spectrum and reduce the additional noise because of the interference.
In this study, the main focus is laid on the design of the optoelectronic quantum illumination system to enhance the system performance, such as operation at high temperature and confinement of the thermally excited photons. The optomechanical based quantum illumination system has wieldy been studied, and the results showed that operation at high temperature is so crucial to preserve the entanglement between modes. The main problem is that the mechanical part has to operate with a low frequency with which a large number of thermally excited photons are generated and worsened the entanglement. To solve this problem, we focus on replacing the mechanical part with the optoelectronic components. In this system, the optical cavity is coupled to the microwave cavity through a Varactor diode excited by a photodetector. The photodetector is excited by the optical cavity modes and drives the current flow as a function of incident light drives the Varactor diode at which the voltage drop is a function of current generated by the photodetector. To engineer the system, the effect of some parameters is investigated. One of the critical parameters is the microwave cavity to the photodetector coupling factor. Our results indicate that this coupling factor induces a significant difference in the new design as compared to the optomechanical quantum illumination system. At some specific values of the coupling factor, the modes remained completely entangled up to 5.5 K and partially entangled around 50 K.
In this study, the main focus is laid on the design of an optoelectronic converter as a part of the quantum radar to enhance the entanglement between retained and returned modes at high temperatures. The electro-opto-mechanical converter has been widely studied, and the results showed that the operation at high temperature is so crucial to generate and preserve the entanglement between modes. The main problem arises because the mechanical part operating at a low frequency leads to a large number of thermally excited photons, and eventually, the entanglement between modes becomes lost. To solve the problem, we replace the mechanical part with the optoelectronic components. The optical cavity is coupled to the microwave cavity in the newly designed system through a Varactor diode excited by a photodetector. As the main goal, to improve the entanglement sustainability, the effect of the coupling factor of the microwave cavity to photodetector is investigated. The results show that the mentioned factor creates some degrees of freedom to enhance the entanglement at high temperatures compared to the electro-opto-mechanical converter. At some specific values of the coupling factor, the retained and returned fields remained completely entangled up to 5.5 K and partially entangled around 50 K.
Quantum state transfer between microwave and optical frequencies is essential for connecting superconducting quantum circuits to optical systems and extending microwave quantum networks over long distances. However, establishing such a quantum interface is extremely challenging because the standard direct quantum transduction requires both high coupling efficiency and small added noise. We propose an entanglement-based scheme-generating microwave-optical entanglement and using it to transfer quantum states via quantum teleportation-which can bypass the stringent requirements in direct quantum transduction and is robust against loss errors. In addition, we propose and analyze a counterintuitive design-suppress the added noise by placing the device at a higher temperature environment-which can improve both the device quality factor and power handling capability. We systematically analyze the generation and verification of entangled microwave-optical-photon pairs. The parameter for entanglement verification favors the regime of cooperativity mismatch and can tolerate certain thermal noises. Our scheme is feasible given the latest advances on electro-optomechanics, and can be generalized to various physical systems.