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Optics Letters

Electromagnetically induced transparency in vacuum and buffer gas potassium cells probed via electro-optic frequency combs

David A. Long, Adam J. Fleisher, David F. Plusquellic, Joseph T. Hodges

Published Oct 23, 2017• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in K39 and K41 was probed using electro-optic frequency combs generated by applying chirped waveforms to a phase modulator. The carrier tone of the frequency comb served as the pump beam and induced the necessary optical cycling. Comb tooth spacings as narrow as 20 kHz were used to probe potassium in both buffer gas and evacuated cells at elevated temperatures. Atomic absorption features as narrow as 33(5) kHz were observed, allowing for the K39 lower-state hyperfine splitting to be optically measured with a fit uncertainty of 2 kHz. Due to the ultranarrow width of the EIT features, long-lived optical free induction decays were also observed which allowed for background-free detection.

DOI
10.1364/ol.42.004430

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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•May 1, 2007•7 citations
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in K39 and K41 was probed using electro-optic frequency combs generated by applying chirped waveforms to a phase modulator. The carrier tone of the frequency comb served as the pump beam and induced the necessary optical cycling. Comb tooth spacings as narrow as 20 kHz were used to probe potassium in both buffer gas and evacuated cells at elevated temperatures. Atomic absorption features as narrow as 33(5) kHz were observed, allowing for the K39 lower-state hyperfine splitting to be optically measured with a fit uncertainty of 2 kHz. Due to the ultranarrow width of the EIT features, long-lived optical free induction decays were also observed which allowed for background-free detection.
Electro-optic frequency combs with tooth spacings as low as 100 Hz were employed to probe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and hyperfine pumping in rubidium and potassium vapor cells. From the potassium EIT transition we were able to determine the ground state hyperfine splitting with a fit uncertainty of 8 Hz. Importantly, because of the mutual coherence between the control and probe beams, which originate from a single laser, features with linewidths several orders-of-magnitude narrower than the laser linewidth could be observed in a multiplexed fashion. This approach removes the need for slow scanning of either a single laser or a traditional mode-locked-laser-based optical frequency comb.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was studied in a heated vapor cell of potassium without buffer gas or anti-relaxation coating. Transparency windows 60 times narrower than the natural line width and group indices exceeding 6000 were generated using a simple optical setup with a single free-running laser and an acousto-optic modulator. A longitudinal magnetic field was used to split the EIT feature into three components for either lin⊥\perp⊥lin or lin∥\parallel∥lin polarizations of probe and coupling beams. Measurements of polarization rotation revealed that only the lin∥\parallel∥lin configuration leads to circular birefringence, an effect which we attribute to quantum interference between the multiple Λ\LambdaΛ-type subsystems contributing to the signal. The Verdet constant of the EIT medium was measured to be (5.8±0.3)×104(5.8\pm 0.3)\times 10^4(5.8±0.3)×104 rad/T/m, and a novel measurement of group index for circular polarization based on birefringence was demonstrated. For larger fields, where the individual peaks were well resolved, resonant polarization rotations of (210±10)(210\pm10)(210±10) mrad/MHz were observed.
Features of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in potassium vapors at the D 1 line of the 39 K isotope are studied. EIT resonances with a subnatural width of 3.5 MHz have been recorded upon excitation by two independent narrow-band diode lasers in a 1-cm-long cell filled with a natural mixture of potassium isotopes and buffer gas. The splitting of EIT resonances in potassium vapors in longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields has been studied for the first time. The splitted components also have a subnatural width. The smallness of the coupling factor of the hyperfine structure in 39 K atoms leads to a transition to the Paschen—Back regime at relatively weaker magnetic fields than in the case of Cs, Rb, and Na atoms. Practical applications of the phenomena under study are noted. The theoretical model well explains the experiment.
We demonstrate a velocity selection scheme that mitigates suppression of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) by Doppler shifts for coupling wavelengths larger than the probe wavelength. An optical pumping beam counterpropagating with the EIT probe beam transfers atoms between hyperfine states in a velocity-selective fashion. Measurement of the transmitted probe beam synchronous with chopping of the optical pumping beam enables a Doppler-free EIT signal to be detected. Transition frequencies between 5P1/25{P}_{1/2}5P1/2​ and nS1/2n{S}_{1/2}nS1/2​ states for n=26n=26n=26, 27, and 28 in 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K are obtained via EIT spectroscopy in a heated vapor cell with a probe beam stabilized to the $4{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{P}_{1/2}$ transition. Using previous high-resolution measurements of the $4{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{S}_{1/2}$ transitions, we make a determination of the absolute frequency of the $4{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{P}_{1/2}$ transition. Our measurement is shifted by 560 MHz from the currently accepted value with a twofold improvement in uncertainty. These measurements will enable novel experiments with Rydberg-dressed ultracold Fermi gases composed of 40K^{40}\mathrm{K}40K atoms.
Electro-optic frequency combs recently have been applied to a wide range of physical and spectroscopic measurements because of attributes including, simplicity, robustness, flexibility, phase coherence, and high spectral power density. As an illustrative example, I will focus upon multiplexed saturation spectroscopy of atomic potassium ( 39 K) using ultra-high resolution frequency combs which contain up to a million individual teeth with spacings between 2 kHz and 2 MHz. Through the use of a self-heterodyne detection method, we have been able to simultaneously observe phenomena such as hole burning, hyperfine pumping, and electromagnetically induced transparency. I will discuss these measurements as well as future applications in molecular and atomic spectroscopy.