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International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy (ISMS)

MULTIPLEXED SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY WITH ELECTRO-OPTIC FREQUENCY COMBS

David Long, Joseph T. Hodges, David F. Plusquellic, Adam J. Fleisher

Published Jun 22, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Electro-optic frequency combs recently have been applied to a wide range of physical and spectroscopic measurements because of attributes including, simplicity, robustness, flexibility, phase coherence, and high spectral power density. As an illustrative example, I will focus upon multiplexed saturation spectroscopy of atomic potassium ( 39 K) using ultra-high resolution frequency combs which contain up to a million individual teeth with spacings between 2 kHz and 2 MHz. Through the use of a self-heterodyne detection method, we have been able to simultaneously observe phenomena such as hole burning, hyperfine pumping, and electromagnetically induced transparency. I will discuss these measurements as well as future applications in molecular and atomic spectroscopy.

DOI
10.15278/isms.2017.ri10

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Electro-optic frequency combs recently have been applied to a wide range of physical and spectroscopic measurements because of attributes including, simplicity, robustness, flexibility, phase coherence, and high spectral power density. As an illustrative example, I will focus upon multiplexed saturation spectroscopy of atomic potassium ( 39 K) using ultra-high resolution frequency combs which contain up to a million individual teeth with spacings between 2 kHz and 2 MHz. Through the use of a self-heterodyne detection method, we have been able to simultaneously observe phenomena such as hole burning, hyperfine pumping, and electromagnetically induced transparency. I will discuss these measurements as well as future applications in molecular and atomic spectroscopy.
Electro-optic frequency combs with tooth spacings as low as 100 Hz were employed to probe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and hyperfine pumping in rubidium and potassium vapor cells. From the potassium EIT transition we were able to determine the ground state hyperfine splitting with a fit uncertainty of 8 Hz. Importantly, because of the mutual coherence between the control and probe beams, which originate from a single laser, features with linewidths several orders-of-magnitude narrower than the laser linewidth could be observed in a multiplexed fashion. This approach removes the need for slow scanning of either a single laser or a traditional mode-locked-laser-based optical frequency comb.
We describe a spectroscopic method applicable to inhomogeneously broadened transitions. As a test system we use suitable rare-earth-doped solids in which persistent spectral holes can be burned on weakly allowed electronic transitions. These systems are of interest as frequency references for the stabilization of laser frequencies. In all experiments so far, spectral holes are burned and read out individually. Here we present a demonstration of simultaneous burning and readout of sets of spectral holes, containing up to 1024 individual spectral holes, by a comb of laser frequencies. The simultaneous readout of such a set leads to an effective compound signal that has a higher signal-to-noise ratio. Here, an improvement by a factor of 20 was obtained for a set of 512 spectral holes. We use the method to stabilize the frequency of a laser and characterize its stability.
The aim of this book is to present new results in rapidly developing fields of nonlinear optics such as atomic coherence, magneto-optics of atomic media, Doppler-free spectroscopy, time-domain spectroscopy of dense atomic vapors, frequency comb spectroscopy and atom-surface interactions. The discovery of such coherent effects as coherent population trapping (CPT), electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) opened a new avenue for development in many fields of nonlinear optics. Investigations during the last decade have shown many related new results and approaches in nonlinear optics. These include nonlinear magneto-optical processes (NMOP) in the context of high precision magnetometry, quantum information storage and processing, magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic particle detection; the use of ultra-thin (nanometric length) atomic vapor cells in magneto-optical experiments, which show new peculiarities of both coherent effects and NMOP; the use of frequency and amplitude modulated laser beams for NMOP studies in atomic vapors with the aim of extending the range of ultra-precise magnetometers to stronger, particularly geomagnetic fields; application of the counter-propagating beam technique to reveal the Doppler free nonlinear Faraday rotation signals, as a spectroscopic tool and for applications; enhanced nonlinearity due to atomic coherence in multi-state systems; experimental study of EIT in solids; the use of the phase stabilized frequency domain combs of femtosecond laser pulses for velocity selective optical pumping of atomic hyperfine levels, as a direct frequency comb spectroscopy; time-domain nonlinear spectroscopy of dense atomic vapors; atom-surface interactions and laser induced adsorption and desorption of alkali atoms on the surface of solid materials for nanotechnology applications
In the recent years important experimental advances in resonant electro-optic modulators as high-efficiency sources for coherent frequency combs and as devices for quantum information transfer have been realized, where strong optical and microwave mode coupling were achieved. These features suggest electro-optic-based devices as candidates for entangled optical frequency comb sources. In the present work, I study the generation of entangled optical frequency combs in millimeter-sized resonant electro-optic modulators. These devices profit from the experimentally proven advantages such as nearly constant optical free spectral ranges over several gigahertz, and high optical and microwave quality factors. The generation of frequency multiplexed quantum channels with spectral bandwidth in the MHz range for conservative parameter values paves the way towards novel uses in long-distance hybrid quantum networks, quantum key distribution, enhanced optical metrology, and quantum computing.
Electro-optic frequency combs (EO combs) enable high spectral and temporal resolution in atomic, molecular, and cavity-based spectroscopy that is at the heart of many quantum sensing applications. However, producing EO combs in the visible range remains challenging due to the limited availability of key components such as narrow-linewidth lasers and electro-optic phase modulators. Rubidium (Rb) is a highly nonlinear material that supports various four-wave mixing (4WM) processes, which are utilized for spectral translation and the generation of squeezed light. Here, we show the spectral translation of a 780 nm EO comb to 420 nm (a spectral separation of 330 THz) via a 4WM process in Rb vapor. We demonstrate the capability to extend the output comb bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio by varying input power levels. Through this coherent process, we can generate frequency-agile combs in the blue, including a 1 kHz spaced comb with over one million individual comb teeth, of relevance for spectroscopic measurement of narrow-linewidth features such as electromagnetically induced transparency. Leveraging this approach across different 4WM interactions in Rb should allow for further wavelength conversion and the generation of correlated frequency combs, paving the way for sub-shot-noise (squeezed-light) measurements.