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arXiv:1812.09342

Direct frequency comb saturation spectroscopy with an ultradense tooth spacing of 100 Hz

David A. Long, Adam J. Fleisher, Joseph T. Hodges

Published Dec 21, 2018• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Electro-optic frequency combs with tooth spacings as low as 100 Hz were employed to probe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and hyperfine pumping in rubidium and potassium vapor cells. From the potassium EIT transition we were able to determine the ground state hyperfine splitting with a fit uncertainty of 8 Hz. Importantly, because of the mutual coherence between the control and probe beams, which originate from a single laser, features with linewidths several orders-of-magnitude narrower than the laser linewidth could be observed in a multiplexed fashion. This approach removes the need for slow scanning of either a single laser or a traditional mode-locked-laser-based optical frequency comb.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1812.09342

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Electro-optic frequency combs with tooth spacings as low as 100 Hz were employed to probe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and hyperfine pumping in rubidium and potassium vapor cells. From the potassium EIT transition we were able to determine the ground state hyperfine splitting with a fit uncertainty of 8 Hz. Importantly, because of the mutual coherence between the control and probe beams, which originate from a single laser, features with linewidths several orders-of-magnitude narrower than the laser linewidth could be observed in a multiplexed fashion. This approach removes the need for slow scanning of either a single laser or a traditional mode-locked-laser-based optical frequency comb.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in K39 and K41 was probed using electro-optic frequency combs generated by applying chirped waveforms to a phase modulator. The carrier tone of the frequency comb served as the pump beam and induced the necessary optical cycling. Comb tooth spacings as narrow as 20 kHz were used to probe potassium in both buffer gas and evacuated cells at elevated temperatures. Atomic absorption features as narrow as 33(5) kHz were observed, allowing for the K39 lower-state hyperfine splitting to be optically measured with a fit uncertainty of 2 kHz. Due to the ultranarrow width of the EIT features, long-lived optical free induction decays were also observed which allowed for background-free detection.
Atom-based radio-frequency (rf) electromagnetic field sensing using atomic Rydberg states is a promising technique that has recently attracted significant interest. Its unique advantages, such as extraordinary bandwidth, self-calibration, and all-dielectric sensors, are a tangible improvement over antenna-based methods in applications such as test and measurement and development of broad-bandwidth receivers. Here, we demonstrate how an optical-frequency comb can be used to acquire data in the Autler-Townes regime of Rydberg-atom-based electrometry in a massively parallel fashion, eliminating the need for laser scanning. Two-photon electromagnetically induced transparency readout and preparation of cesium is used for the demonstration. A flat quasicontinuous optical comb is generated with the probe laser at 852 nm using an electro-optic modulator and arbitrary waveform generator. A single-frequency coupling laser at 509 nm is tuned to the Rydberg launch state. An enhanced transmission signal is obtained using self-heterodyne spectroscopy, where the comb signal is beat against a local oscillator derived from the single-frequency probe laser on a fast photodiode. The transmission of each probe-laser comb tooth is observed. We resolve electromagnetically induced transparency peaks with line widths below 5 MHz, with and without laser locking. Radio-frequency electromagnetic fields as low as $66\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\mathrm{Vcm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are detected, with sensitivities of $2.3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\mathrm{Vcm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$. The method offers a significant advantage for reading out electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes splitting, as neither laser needs to be scanned and slow frequency drifts can be tolerated in some applications. The method enables the detection of the amplitude of a pulsed rf electromagnetic field when the incoming pulse Autler-Townes splits the electromagnetically induced transparency peak.
Electro-optic frequency combs recently have been applied to a wide range of physical and spectroscopic measurements because of attributes including, simplicity, robustness, flexibility, phase coherence, and high spectral power density. As an illustrative example, I will focus upon multiplexed saturation spectroscopy of atomic potassium ( 39 K) using ultra-high resolution frequency combs which contain up to a million individual teeth with spacings between 2 kHz and 2 MHz. Through the use of a self-heterodyne detection method, we have been able to simultaneously observe phenomena such as hole burning, hyperfine pumping, and electromagnetically induced transparency. I will discuss these measurements as well as future applications in molecular and atomic spectroscopy.
The utilization of atomic or molecular spectroscopy for frequency locking of single-frequency laser to improve laser frequency stability plays an important role in the experimental investigation of optically pumped atomic magnetometers, atomic clocks, laser cooling and trapping of atoms, etc. We have experimentally demonstrated a technique for frequency stabilization of a single-frequency laser employing the bright state spectroscopy (BSS) with a rubidium atomic vapor cell. By utilizing the counter-propagating dual-frequency 795 nm laser beams with mutually orthogonal linear polarization and a frequency difference of 6.834 GHz, which is equal to the hyperfine splitting of rubidium-87 ground state 5S1/2, an absorption-enhanced signal with narrow linewidth at the center of Doppler-broadened transmission spectroscopy is observed when continuous scanning the laser frequency over rubidium-87 D1 transition. This is the so-called BSS. Amplitude of the absorption-enhanced signal in the BSS is much larger compared with the conventional saturation absorption spectroscopy (SAS). The relationship between linewidth and amplitude of the BSS signal and laser beam intensity has been investigated. This high-contrast absorption-enhanced BSS signal has been employed for the laser frequency stabilization. The experimental results show that the frequency stability is 4.4×10−11 with an integration time of 40 s, near one order of magnitude better than that for using the SAS.
It was shown by Kocharovskaya and Khanin [Sov. Phys. JETP 63, 945 (1986)] that a comb of optical pulses can induce a ground-state atomic coherence and change the optical response of an atomic medium. In our experiment, we studied the propagation of a comb of optical pulses produced by a mode-locked diode laser in rubidium atomic vapor. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was observed when the pulse repetition rate is a subharmonic of the hyperfine splitting of the ground state. The width of the EIT resonance is determined by the relaxation rate of the ground-state coherence. Possible applications to magnetometery, atomic clocks, and frequency chains are discussed.