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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Metastable Bose-Einstein Condensates in a Linear Potential

D. Naik, Mishkatul Bhattacharya, Sérgio Ricardo Muniz, Chandra Raman

Published May 17, 2006• 0 citations
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Abstract

School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332(Dated: February 2, 2008)We have created a Bose-Einstein condensate whose spin orientation is metastable. Condensateswere transferred into a quadrupole magnetic trap, where Majorana transitions limited the lifetime toa few hundred milliseconds, about 30 times the trapping period. Atoms held in the trap frequentlydisplayed a ring-shaped time-of-flight distribution. We speculate that such a ring could be either aquantized vortex or a feature of the Majorana loss dynamics in the quantum regime.

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School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332(Dated: February 2, 2008)We have created a Bose-Einstein condensate whose spin orientation is metastable. Condensateswere transferred into a quadrupole magnetic trap, where Majorana transitions limited the lifetime toa few hundred milliseconds, about 30 times the trapping period. Atoms held in the trap frequentlydisplayed a ring-shaped time-of-flight distribution. We speculate that such a ring could be either aquantized vortex or a feature of the Majorana loss dynamics in the quantum regime.
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We describe an experiment to produce 87{}^{87}87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates in an optically plugged magnetic quadrupole trap, using a blue-detuned laser. Due to the large detuning of the plug laser with respect to the atomic transition, the evaporation has to be carefully optimized in order to efficiently overcome the Majorana losses. We provide a complete theoretical and experimental study of the trapping potential at low temperatures and show that this simple model describes our data well. In particular, we demonstrate methods to reliably measure the trap oscillation frequencies and the bottom frequency, based on periodic excitation of the trapping potential and on radio-frequency spectroscopy, respectively. We show that this hybrid trap can be operated in a well-controlled regime that allows a reliable production of degenerate gases.
We report the realization of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of metastable helium atoms using an in-vacuum coil magnetic trap and a crossed-beam optical dipole trap. A quadrupole-Ioffe configuration magnetic trap made from in-vacuum hollow copper tubes provides fast switching times while generating traps with a 10-G bias, without compromising optical access. The bias enables in-trap one-dimensional Doppler cooling to be used, which is the only cooling stage between the magneto-optic trap and the optical dipole trap. This allows direct transfer to the dipole trap without the need for any additional evaporative cooling in the magnetic trap. The entire experimental sequence takes 3.3 s, with essentially pure BECs observed with $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{6}$ atoms after evaporative cooling in the dipole trap.
The irrotational nature of superfluids leads to spectacular rotational properties. For the fluid to rotate, its density must locally vanish at a singular point called a quantum vortex. The annular geometry is of great interest for studying superfluidity as the gas can rotate in this geometry around a central hole without requiring any singularity, allowing the existence of persistent currents along the ring with a quantized circulation. In out experiment, we confine cold atoms dressed by a radiofrequency field in an adiabatic potential based on a quadrupolar magnetic trap. The resulting bubble-shaped potential, both very smooth and easily tunable, allows us to produce two types of ring-shaped Bose-Einstein condensates. A first strategy consists in adding a far-detuned light sheet to confine the atoms at the intersection between the bubble and the horizontal plane imposed by the light field – i.e. a ring. We present the implementation and optimization of this trap and demonstrate the possibility to prepare and observe superfluid currents in the ring. A second path exploits the centrifugal force and the anharmonicity of the adiabatic potential to create an effective Mexican hat potential by rotating the trapped atoms at the bottom of the bubble faster than the trap frequency. After having realized such a system, we probe its quadrupolar modes to characterize the rotation. The study of vortex distribution in the rotating gas also shows a thermal melting effect of the finite temperature vortex lattice.