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Laser cooling of a cesium beam utilizing Stark effect frequency compensation

Jeng-Rong Yeh, Barbara M. Hoeling, R. J. Knize

Published May 8, 1994• 0 citations
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Abstract

Laser cooling of neutral atoms has possible applications such as better frequency standards and high precision spectroscopy. It would be desirable to produce a cold continuous beam of atoms with small transverse velocity to be used in atomic fountains and collision studies. One method to produce a cold continuous beam uses Zeeman effect to compensate the Doppler shift as atoms are slowed. We present a new method for producing a cold Cesium beam using Stark effect frequency tuning.

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A cesium frequency standard based on the atomic fountain configuration has the potential of improving the accuracy of primary frequency standard. For the first step toward a realization of slow vertical atomic beam (that is an atomic fountain), we have succeeded to decelerate the horizontal cesium atomic beam by laser cooling with the Zeeman tuning method. Then those slowed atoms are confined with a magneto-optical trap by four laser beams in the tetrahedral configuration. By using these trapped atoms, one can launch them upward with the upstream laser pulses.>

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The spin-exchange frequency shift due to cold collisions between ground-state atoms appears to be the systematic effect which could limit the accuracy of a laser-cooled cesium fountain operating as a frequency standard. We have investigated this shift for atoms distributed among all the Zeeman substates of either the F = 4 or F = 3 hyperfine level of the 6 S 1/2 ground state of cesium and for the case where most of the atoms are prepared in F = 3, M F = 0 sublevel. The measured relative frequency shifts are respectively − 1.0·10 −21 , − 0.6·10 −21 and − 2.0·10 −21 (at/cm 3 ) −1 . These results agree with the measurements performed by Gibble and Chu at higher atom densities with atoms prepared in F = 3, M F = 0 sublevel. However, the precision of our frequency measurements is much better and is only limited at 2·10 −15 by the H-maser used as a reference oscillator. Finally, we show that the relative frequency shift due to cold collisions can be reduced to 10 −15 , while preserving a short-term frequency stability of about 10 −13 τ −1/2 .

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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements•Nov 7, 2002•1 citation

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In this article we report on the use of degenerate-Raman-sideband cooling for the collimation of a continuous beam of cold cesium atoms in a fountain geometry. Thanks to this powerful cooling technique we have reduced the atomic beam transverse temperature from $60\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}1.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ in a few milliseconds. The longitudinal temperature of $80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ is not modified. The flux density, measured after a parabolic flight of $0.57\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$, has been increased by a factor of 4 to approximately ${10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at.}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and we have identified a Sisyphus-like precooling mechanism which should make it possible to increase this flux density by an order of magnitude.

Physical Review A•Jun 2, 2004•17 citations
Laser cooling of neutral atoms has possible applications such as better frequency standards and high precision spectroscopy. It would be desirable to produce a cold continuous beam of atoms with small transverse velocity to be used in atomic fountains and collision studies. One method to produce a cold continuous beam uses Zeeman effect to compensate the Doppler shift as atoms are slowed. We present a new method for producing a cold Cesium beam using Stark effect frequency tuning.
A cesium frequency standard based on the atomic fountain configuration has the potential of improving the accuracy of primary frequency standard. For the first step toward a realization of slow vertical atomic beam (that is an atomic fountain), we have succeeded to decelerate the horizontal cesium atomic beam by laser cooling with the Zeeman tuning method. Then those slowed atoms are confined with a magneto-optical trap by four laser beams in the tetrahedral configuration. By using these trapped atoms, one can launch them upward with the upstream laser pulses.>
To achieve a primary frequency standard based on a continuous fountain of laser cooled cesium atoms, we report on the production of a bright, slow and cold continuous atomic beam. Atoms are cooled from a thermal vapor in a 45/spl deg/ laser geometry and launched directly from the optical molasses by the moving molasses technique. The effects of the source fluorescence on the continuous beam (average velocity, temperature and flux) have been observed, and ways to optimize simultaneously the atomic capture and the continuous beam are presented. Flux measurements rise to 2/spl times/10/sup 8/ at/s from a 2D magneto-optical trap at 7 m/s. The initial velocity is easily tunable from 1 to 10 m/s. If the longitudinal temperature is about 70 /spl mu/K, additional transverse cooling even reduces the transverse temperature in one dimension below 30 /spl mu/K. By extrapolating the obtained atomic flux to the continuous fountain under construction, we expect a short-term stability of 7/spl times/10/sup -14//spl tau//sup -1/2/. Other applications of continuous beams of cold atoms are suggested.
The spin-exchange frequency shift due to cold collisions between ground-state atoms appears to be the systematic effect which could limit the accuracy of a laser-cooled cesium fountain operating as a frequency standard. We have investigated this shift for atoms distributed among all the Zeeman substates of either the F = 4 or F = 3 hyperfine level of the 6 S 1/2 ground state of cesium and for the case where most of the atoms are prepared in F = 3, M F = 0 sublevel. The measured relative frequency shifts are respectively − 1.0·10 −21 , − 0.6·10 −21 and − 2.0·10 −21 (at/cm 3 ) −1 . These results agree with the measurements performed by Gibble and Chu at higher atom densities with atoms prepared in F = 3, M F = 0 sublevel. However, the precision of our frequency measurements is much better and is only limited at 2·10 −15 by the H-maser used as a reference oscillator. Finally, we show that the relative frequency shift due to cold collisions can be reduced to 10 −15 , while preserving a short-term frequency stability of about 10 −13 τ −1/2 .
In this article we report on the use of degenerate-Raman-sideband cooling for the collimation of a continuous beam of cold cesium atoms in a fountain geometry. Thanks to this powerful cooling technique we have reduced the atomic beam transverse temperature from $60\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}1.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ in a few milliseconds. The longitudinal temperature of $80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ is not modified. The flux density, measured after a parabolic flight of 0.57s0.57\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}0.57s, has been increased by a factor of 4 to approximately ${10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{at.}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and we have identified a Sisyphus-like precooling mechanism which should make it possible to increase this flux density by an order of magnitude.