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Physical Review A

Longitudinal and transverse cooling of a cesium atomic beam using theD1 transition with Stark-effect frequency compensation

Jeng-Rong Yeh, Barbara M. Hoeling, R. J. Knize

Published Aug 1, 1995• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate the laser cooling of an alkali atomic beam using the D1 transition. Stark-effect frequency tuning is used to compensate the Doppler shift. A cesium beam as slow as 20 m/sec has been obtained. We also demonstrate the simultaneous transverse and longitudinal cooling in the deceleration region before the atoms reach their final velocity. This technique could be used to develop a cold atomic beam with high intensity.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.52.1388

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We demonstrate the laser cooling of an alkali atomic beam using the D1 transition. Stark-effect frequency tuning is used to compensate the Doppler shift. A cesium beam as slow as 20 m/sec has been obtained. We also demonstrate the simultaneous transverse and longitudinal cooling in the deceleration region before the atoms reach their final velocity. This technique could be used to develop a cold atomic beam with high intensity.
To compensate the Doppler shift in the laser cooling process, two methods were developed:frequency chirping,1 which tunes the laser frequency rapidly, and a spatially varying magnetic field,2 which tunes The atomic energy level. An alternative approach is to use laser light with a continuous spectrum (white light).3,4 Using only a counterpropagating white-light beam will decelerate the atoms in the beam, hut it will not yield a large velocity compression.4,5 To achieve significant cooling, Hoffnagle5 proposed the use of an additional single-frequency laser beam, copropagating with the atomic beam, to counterbalance the nonresonant scattering force from the Lorentzian tail of the atomic transition.
We have cooled and stopped a beam of cesium atoms using frequency chirped diode lasers. In this technique, a moving atom absorbs and reemits many photons from a counter propagating laser that is frequency swept to keep it in resonance with an atomic transition. The resulting momentum transfer slows the atom. The basic approach is identical to that developed by Hall and co-workers, however, the use of diode lasers allows us to obtain the necessary frequency modulation simply by sweeping the laser injection current. We use two diode lasers tuned to each of the 6s hyperfine ground state levels to drive the 6s—6p3/2 transitions. Each laser is simultaneously swept over the Doppler profile of the 100°C thermal cesium beam to bring a substantial number to a stop. Using additional fast frequency modulation, the same lasers are used to probe the resulting velocity distribution. This technique allows us to bring ~106 atoms/cm3 to a temperature of 1 K. This method is an extremely simple and inexpensive way to produce cold atoms.
To achieve a primary frequency standard based on a continuous fountain of laser cooled cesium atoms, we report on the production of a bright, slow and cold continuous atomic beam. Atoms are cooled from a thermal vapor in a 45/spl deg/ laser geometry and launched directly from the optical molasses by the moving molasses technique. The effects of the source fluorescence on the continuous beam (average velocity, temperature and flux) have been observed, and ways to optimize simultaneously the atomic capture and the continuous beam are presented. Flux measurements rise to 2/spl times/10/sup 8/ at/s from a 2D magneto-optical trap at 7 m/s. The initial velocity is easily tunable from 1 to 10 m/s. If the longitudinal temperature is about 70 /spl mu/K, additional transverse cooling even reduces the transverse temperature in one dimension below 30 /spl mu/K. By extrapolating the obtained atomic flux to the continuous fountain under construction, we expect a short-term stability of 7/spl times/10/sup -14//spl tau//sup -1/2/. Other applications of continuous beams of cold atoms are suggested.