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Information Security and Communications Privacy

Quantum Circuit Implementation for SubByutes Transformation in AES Algorithm

Fu-Chen Zhu

Published Jan 1, 2008• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum characteristic,because of its natural physical advantage(such as superposition principle,parallel characteristic and teleportation etc.),attracts more and more attention from the people.Effectively appling the quantum characteristic in cryptography field is a new direction for cryptography research in recent years.Based on this situation,the article puts forward a realizable quantum circuit scheme for SubBytes transformation in the AES algorithm.

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Quantum characteristic,because of its natural physical advantage(such as superposition principle,parallel characteristic and teleportation etc.),attracts more and more attention from the people.Effectively appling the quantum characteristic in cryptography field is a new direction for cryptography research in recent years.Based on this situation,the article puts forward a realizable quantum circuit scheme for SubBytes transformation in the AES algorithm.
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of the most widely used block ciphers nowadays, and has been established as an encryption standard in 2001. Here we design AES-128 and the sample-AES (S-AES) quantum circuits for deciphering. In the quantum circuit of AES-128, we perform an affine transformation for the SubBytes part to solve the problem that the initial state of the output qubits in SubBytes is not the ∣0⟩ ⊗8 state. After that, we are able to encode the new round sub-key on the qubits encoding the previous round sub-key, and this improvement reduces the number of qubits used by 224 compared with Langenberg et al. ’s implementation. For S-AES, a complete quantum circuit is presented with only 48 qubits, which is already within the reach of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers.
The quantum information science is the outcome for combination of the quantum mechanics with the infor-mation science, which is based on the add principle of the state vectors in quantum mechanics, and also a rising science in the research of information processing. In the field of information security, the quantum physics has brought us a novel thinking and technique in an unexpected way. That authors have designed the quantum circuit simulation of classic cryp-tography-AES, and whith C++ procedure language, simulated the quantum circuit implementation of AES.
In order to verify the feasibility of applying the quantum search to the key search of block ciphers,a key search quantum circuit of AES(advanced encryption standard) cipher was designed,including KeyExpansion module,encryption module and comparison module,based on the analyses of its computation processes and computation modules needed to be achieved.The encryption module includes four sub-modules,i.e.,quantum AddRoundKey,SubBytes,ShiftRows and MixColumns.In order to reuse the working quantum bits,the reversible computation is used to eliminate the quantum entanglement effect,and different methods of the reversible computation are adopted to different tasks of the 4 sub-modules in the realization of the quantum encryption module so as to save computation time and quantum memory.The research shows that applying the quantum search scheme to the key search of block ciphers to save square root time is feasible.
Quantum computers have shown their capability to outperform the world's fastest supercomputers despite their nascent stage. This poses questions about the security of existing encryption schemes and offers exciting new possibilities to the field of cryptography. Extension of existing cryptographic algorithms and development of novel cryptographic protocols exploiting the physics of the quantum realm are unique prospects for the industry moving forward. This work implemented a hybrid classical-quantum AES-128 circuit on the open-source Qiskit simulator and explored the possibilities of reducing the qubit count necessary for implementing the same. Multiple classical bits were encoded into a single qubit for processing, and a machine learning model was trained to decode the output data back to classical bits. The circuit size was halved by changing the encoding form of classical bits into qubits. Our hybrid circuit also achieved significant speed up over the existing hybrid circuit for AES encryption and decryption.
Quantum cryptography, with the chance of advancement offered by its basis on the single principle of quantum mechanics, constitutes a notable point of strength in the advancement of new cryptography research. Utilizing the distinctive properties of quantum mechanism, such as qubits, quantum cryptography offers enhanced protection against quantum computer attacks. This paper proposes a novel quantum cryptographic algorithm that integrates quantum key generation with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) technique to safeguard data from quantum threats. By combining quantum bit generation with AES encryption, the confidentiality of information exchanged between parties is preserved. The quantum bit generation technique exploits the inherent properties of quantum mechanics, particularly quantum superposition, to generate secure cryptographic keys. Leveraging the efficiency and robustness of the AES encoding standard, this approach offers heightened security against quantum attacks. Experimental analysis using MATLAB software validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.Top of Form