Quantum computers have shown their capability to outperform the world's fastest supercomputers despite their nascent stage. This poses questions about the security of existing encryption schemes and offers exciting new possibilities to the field of cryptography. Extension of existing cryptographic algorithms and development of novel cryptographic protocols exploiting the physics of the quantum realm are unique prospects for the industry moving forward. This work implemented a hybrid classical-quantum AES-128 circuit on the open-source Qiskit simulator and explored the possibilities of reducing the qubit count necessary for implementing the same. Multiple classical bits were encoded into a single qubit for processing, and a machine learning model was trained to decode the output data back to classical bits. The circuit size was halved by changing the encoding form of classical bits into qubits. Our hybrid circuit also achieved significant speed up over the existing hybrid circuit for AES encryption and decryption.
Quantum computers have shown their capability to outperform the world's fastest supercomputers despite their nascent stage. This poses questions about the security of existing encryption schemes and offers exciting new possibilities to the field of cryptography. Extension of existing cryptographic algorithms and development of novel cryptographic protocols exploiting the physics of the quantum realm are unique prospects for the industry moving forward. This work implemented a hybrid classical-quantum AES-128 circuit on the open-source Qiskit simulator and explored the possibilities of reducing the qubit count necessary for implementing the same. Multiple classical bits were encoded into a single qubit for processing, and a machine learning model was trained to decode the output data back to classical bits. The circuit size was halved by changing the encoding form of classical bits into qubits. Our hybrid circuit also achieved significant speed up over the existing hybrid circuit for AES encryption and decryption.
Traditional encryption techniques face serious threats from the rapid development of quantum computing, which could soon compromise many classical algorithms. To address this, new quantum-resistant security methods are needed to protect private data and communications. This paper proposes a hybrid encryption approach that integrates quantum key distribution (QKD) with a simplified 3×3 advanced encryption standard (AES) key matrix, creating a lightweight system. The objective is to provide an efficient encryption method suitable for devices with limited processing power, such as IoT devices. The model was simulated using Qiskit, achieving an average quantum bit error rate of 0.00%, protocol efficiency of 49.72 %, and quantum fidelity of 1.000 under certain conditions. During eavesdropping scenarios, the error rate increased to 16.90 %. The simplified AES achieved a 50.14 % avalanche effect and an encryption time of 0.3073 ms, reducing latency by 17 % compared to standard AES. These results suggest that combining QKD with lightweight AES can provide quantum resilience and computational efficiency, offering a practical solution for secure communication in the post-quantum era.
Quantum cryptography, with the chance of advancement offered by its basis on the single principle of quantum mechanics, constitutes a notable point of strength in the advancement of new cryptography research. Utilizing the distinctive properties of quantum mechanism, such as qubits, quantum cryptography offers enhanced protection against quantum computer attacks. This paper proposes a novel quantum cryptographic algorithm that integrates quantum key generation with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) technique to safeguard data from quantum threats. By combining quantum bit generation with AES encryption, the confidentiality of information exchanged between parties is preserved. The quantum bit generation technique exploits the inherent properties of quantum mechanics, particularly quantum superposition, to generate secure cryptographic keys. Leveraging the efficiency and robustness of the AES encoding standard, this approach offers heightened security against quantum attacks. Experimental analysis using MATLAB software validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.Top of Form
The classical encryption systems are shrouded in darkness with the so-rapid development of the methods of computing and the innovation of quantum computer. Classical cryptographic protocols such as RSA, AES and ECC have been on the data security programs over years and their resistance against any classical attack is well known. Nonetheless, these new algorithms are getting more threatened when quantum threats exist which can take advantage of the mathematical structures on which traditional cryptography has been developed. We provide an in-depth comparison of the classical vs post-quantum encryption algorithms speed, computation difficulty, scalability and degree to which they are susceptible to quantum attacks. The summary also encompasses both post-quantum, lattice breaking procedures and assaults to code-based and hash-based cryptographic structures. The experimental results and theoretical analysis both demonstrate the trade-off of security strength, key size, implicit execution complexity of both paradigms. These results can be used to inform the construction of highly sought after hybrid cryptographic protocols that guarantee data confidentiality along with integrity when classical and quantum machines are present.
The emergence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems, particularly those relying on mathematical hardness assumptions for key exchange. While symmetric algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) remain efficient and widely deployed, their long-term security ultimately depends on the secrecy of keys. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework that integrates quantum key distribution (QKD) with AES and DES to enhance key security without altering cipher internals. Using the BB84 protocol as the quantum key generator, we implement a simulation-based system in Qiskit and evaluate it against classical pseudo-random key generation.Our methodology covers five phases: establishing AES/DES baselines, generating quantum random keys, implementing BB84 with basis reconciliation and error detection, integrating quantum keys with AES/DES, and benchmarking across varying key sizes and file sizes. Results demonstrate that AES encryption throughput remains stable (around 250–370 MB/s) regardless of key source, while QKD introduces measurable latency in key generation (around 40–110 seconds for 128–256 bits). Importantly, adversarial interference is reliably detected, with 97.3% accuracy in eavesdropper identification.The findings confirm that while classical systems excel in speed and scalability, QKD offers unmatched, physics-backed security assurances. Our study highlights the practicality of hybrid quantum-classical encryption, providing a foundation for secure communication in the post-quantum era.
Quantum computing represents a transformative advancement in computational power, with profound implications for cryptographic systems. This paper explores the intersection of quantum computing and cryptography, examining the potential for quantum computers to both break traditional cryptographic algorithms and enable new forms of secure communication. Classical cryptographic systems, such as RSA and ECC, rely on the computational difficulty of problems like integer factorization and discrete logarithms. However, quantum algorithms, notably Shor's algorithm, can solve these problems exponentially faster than the best-known classical algorithms, posing a significant threat to the security of current cryptographic practices. This vulnerability necessitates the development and implementation of quantum-resistant algorithms to ensure data security in a post-quantum world. The paper reviews the state-of-the-art in quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography. These algorithms are analyzed for their security properties, efficiency, and practicality for real-world deployment. Additionally, the paper discusses the ongoing standardization efforts led by organizations such as NIST, which are crucial for establishing widely accepted quantum-safe cryptographic protocols. Beyond the threat posed by quantum computing, this paper also highlights the potential benefits quantum computing can bring to cryptographic systems. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is one such advancement, offering theoretically unbreakable encryption by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics. QKD enables secure communication channels that are immune to any computational advances, including those of quantum computers, by ensuring that any attempt at eavesdropping can be detected. The practical implementation challenges of QKD and other quantum cryptographic protocols are also addressed, including issues related to transmission distance, error rates, and integration with existing communication infrastructures. Experimental results from recent QKD trials are presented, showcasing significant progress in extending the viability of quantum-secure communication over long distances. Furthermore, the paper delves into the hybrid approaches combining classical and quantum cryptographic techniques. These approaches aim to leverage the strengths of both paradigms to enhance security and performance. For instance, hybrid protocols might use classical encryption for bulk data transfer, supplemented by quantum techniques for key exchange, thereby ensuring robust security even against future quantum adversaries. In conclusion, while quantum computing poses substantial risks to existing cryptographic systems, it also offers novel opportunities for creating highly secure communication protocols. The transition to quantum-safe cryptography is imperative to protect sensitive information in the quantum era. This paper underscores the urgency of advancing quantum-resistant cryptographic research, promoting international collaboration for standardization, and exploring innovative applications of quantum technologies in cryptography. Continued research and development in these areas are essential to stay ahead of the evolving threat landscape and harness the full potential of quantum computing for secure communications.
Quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic algorithms, particularly the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). This study investigates the impact of Grover's algorithm on the AES S-box, a fundamental component of the AES encryption process. By leveraging quantum mechanics, Grover's algorithm can potentially reduce the time required to break AES encryption from 2128operations to 264operations, thus presenting a substantial security risk. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of such quantum attacks on AES S-box by conducting experiments using virtual quantum simulators. The study examines the resource requirements, including the number of gates and qubits, and assesses the scalability of Grover's algorithm across different data sizes and types. The findings indicate that, while theoretically effective, the practical implementation of Grover's algorithm is currently hindered by significant resource constraints on existing quantum hardware. These results underscore the need for continued advancements in quantum technology and the development of quantum-resistant cryptographic methods to ensure data security in the quantum era. This research contributes to the understanding of quantum vulnerabilities in classical cryptography and supports the development of robust encryption strategies that can withstand future quantum attacks.