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光谱学与光谱分析

[Frequency stabilization of diode laser using zeeman spectra].

Kaijun Jiang, J. Wang, Ke Li, Ming He, X.H. Tu, Mingsheng Zhan

Published Jun 1, 2004• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

Zeeman split takes place for the hyperfine level structure of neutral atoms where magnetic field exists. In addition, being excited by right circularly polarized light and left circularly polarized light, atoms obey different transition rules. So, the absorption peak between the hyperfine Zeeman level shifts with respect to the absorption peak without magnetic field. Accordingly, the authors demonstrated a kind of simple and flexible method to stabilize the frequency of diode laser. The linewidth of diode laser was reduced to less than 1 MHz using this method. Through analyzing the experiment results, the authors found that when the sum of both shifts of the hyperfine level of atoms excited by right circularly polarized light and left circularly polarized light was equal to the FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) of the saturated absorption peak, the laser frequency was stabilized best.

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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Apr 15, 2003•4 citations
Zeeman split takes place for the hyperfine level structure of neutral atoms where magnetic field exists. In addition, being excited by right circularly polarized light and left circularly polarized light, atoms obey different transition rules. So, the absorption peak between the hyperfine Zeeman level shifts with respect to the absorption peak without magnetic field. Accordingly, the authors demonstrated a kind of simple and flexible method to stabilize the frequency of diode laser. The linewidth of diode laser was reduced to less than 1 MHz using this method. Through analyzing the experiment results, the authors found that when the sum of both shifts of the hyperfine level of atoms excited by right circularly polarized light and left circularly polarized light was equal to the FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) of the saturated absorption peak, the laser frequency was stabilized best.
We observed saturated absorption spectra of the 87Rb atom under a magnetic field of several millitesla with a diode laser oscillating at 780 nm. The spectra were compared with the theoretical ones obtained on the basis of Nakayama's four-level model. We numerically computed Zeeman splittings of the 52 P 3/2 excited state of the atom. As the magnetic field increased to 5 mT, the absorption peak of the F=2→F'=3 transition shifted almost linearly up to about 62 MHz. The shift direction was reversed by changing the polarization combination of the pump and probe lasers. The measured frequency stability, when the laser was locked at the absorption peak, was better than σy(τ)= 1 ×10-11τ-1/2 for the sampling time of 0.01 s≤τ≤10 s.
Recently a new type of spectroscopy using Zeeman shift has been developed, which aims for a large recapture range by making a dispersive-like signal obtained from the subtraction of two different circularly polarized Doppler-broadened absorption signals in the presence of a magnetic field (order of 100 G). We would like to propose another method for stabilizing a diode laser frequency onto an atomic frequency with a small tunable range in the presence of small longitudinal magnetic field (order of Gauss). A solid state diode laser is preferred as it is a good light source. Our technique has the advantages of cancellation of frequency fluctuation over side-locking and no need for phase-sensitive detection and frequency modulation over peak-locking. A subtracted SAS signal and the blocking signal are displayed on one photodiode.
There has been much interest in the influence of the laser noise on the atomic system. So far theoretical works have been performed on calculation of the mean values and the variance of the fluctuated atomic populations, and verified through observation of the fluctuating resonance fluorescence from the atomic vapors. Yabuzaki et al. have observed the excess intensity noise of the resonant light from a diode laser propagated through alkali atomic vapor. They have measured the intensity power spectrum of the light when the laser was tuned near the D2 line of Cs and observed all corresponding hyperfine-splitting resonances in the excited state and Zeeman splitting resonances within a hyperfine level of the ground state. Walser et al. have theoretically studied the intensity fluctuation of laser light propagated through a weakly absorbing medium. The calculated power spectrum of a phase-diffusing field has been found qualitative agreement with the experimental results by Yabuzaki et al. on hyperfine-splitting resonances. Recently, Mitsui has reported a new type of noise spectroscopy with a highly stabilized diode laser. He has investigated the spontaneous noise appeared in optical detection of magnetic resonance of Rb atoms. In this note we report the first observation of hyperfine spectra in the ground state of K and K appearing as the intensity fluctuation at hyperfine splittings of 462MHz and 254MHz of circularly polarized light from a diode laser transmitted through a sample cell. We have also observed the Zeeman hyperfine spectra of K in a static magnetic field. We show that the spectra are strongly dependent of the direction of the static magnetic field. Their splittings as functions of the strength of static magnetic field are compared with the Breit–Rabi formula. The experimental apparatus is quite simple as shown in Fig. 1. The diode laser used was an ordinary Fabry–Perot type with output power of 5mW, operating near the D1 line (769.9 nm) of K atoms. The output of the laser was circularly polarized and applied to a cell containing K vapor at a temperature 90 C, corresponding atomic density to be about 1:15 10 cm 3. The transmitted light was detected by an avalanche photo-diode having frequency response up to 1GHz. The output of the photo-diode was applied to a rf frequency analyzer to obtain the power spectrum of the fluctuation of the transmitted light intensity. A static magnetic field is provided by two pairs of Helmholtz coils mutually perpendicular and about 90 cm in diameter. The strength of the magnetic field is calibrated by using magnetic resonance signals of optically pumped Rb atoms. Figure 2 shows the frequency spectrum of the intensity fluctuation of transmitted light observed when the laser was tuned to the transition from the state F 1⁄4 1 in the ground state to the state F0 1⁄4 1 in the excited state by adjusting the driving current of the laser diode. Sharp resonance signals can be seen at the hyperfine splittings of K and K, 462 and 254MHz, respectively, on the background of broad noise spectrum. When a weak static magnetic field H0 is applied to the K vapor, the hyperfine spectra of K splits into several lines (the effective gyro-magnetic ratio of K is known to be 1⁄4 2 700 kHz/G). Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the observed Zeeman hyperfine spectra of K for