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Physical Review A

Line-shape comparison of electromagnetically induced transparency and Raman Ramsey fringes in sodium vapor

Ichiro Yoshida, Nobuhito Hayashi, Kazuki Fujita, Shuya Taniguchi, Yoshitaka Hoshina, Masaharu Mitsunaga

Published Feb 22, 2013• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have simultaneously studied electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Raman Ramsey fringes (RRF) in sodium vapor, in the same theoretical framework and the same experimental scheme. RRF spectra and EIT spectra can be simply distinguished by whether the gate timing of the detection is set at the beginning (RRF) or at the end (EIT) of the excitation pulses. The EIT spectral peaks exhibited pronounced ac Stark shifts linearly depending upon the pumping power (8.8 kHz/mW), while in the RRF spectra such shifts were almost negligible (0.19 kHz/mW), provided that the pulse separation is sufficiently large. This fact promotes RRF as a strong candidate for next-generation compact atomic clocks. Transient spectra in between RRF and EIT have also been investigated by changing the gate timing within the excitation pulse, and the transition time from RRF to EIT was found to be of the order of a few microseconds.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.87.023836

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We have simultaneously studied electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Raman Ramsey fringes (RRF) in sodium vapor, in the same theoretical framework and the same experimental scheme. RRF spectra and EIT spectra can be simply distinguished by whether the gate timing of the detection is set at the beginning (RRF) or at the end (EIT) of the excitation pulses. The EIT spectral peaks exhibited pronounced ac Stark shifts linearly depending upon the pumping power (8.8 kHz/mW), while in the RRF spectra such shifts were almost negligible (0.19 kHz/mW), provided that the pulse separation is sufficiently large. This fact promotes RRF as a strong candidate for next-generation compact atomic clocks. Transient spectra in between RRF and EIT have also been investigated by changing the gate timing within the excitation pulse, and the transition time from RRF to EIT was found to be of the order of a few microseconds.
We show theoretically and experimentally that the line shapes observed in ordinary electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) experiments in sodium atomic vapor can be explained by the superposition of two processes, EIT and N-type resonances (NTR). When the higher frequency side of the Doppler absorption profile is excited, EIT is dominant, whereas, for the lower frequency side, NTR is dominant, and, in between, interference between EIT and NTR takes place. Theoretical simulations, based on a perturbative approach, agreed reasonably well with the experimental observations. The signal behavior concerning ac Stark shifts has also been studied for EIT and NTR; it was found that, although the signal peak always shifts toward the higher frequency in the case of EIT, for NTR, the shift can be nullified by adjusting the power balance of the two incident beams.
Abstract We investigate, experimentally and theoretically, time development of Zeeman electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) during propagation of two time separated polarization laser pulses, preparatory and probe, through Rb vapour. The pulses were produced by modifying laser intensity and degree of elliptical polarization. The frequency of the single laser beam is locked to the hyperfine transition of the D 1 line in 87 Rb. Transients in the intensity of component of the transmitted light are measured or calculated at different values of the external magnetic field, during both preparatory and probe pulse. Zeeman EIT resonances at particular time instants of the pulse propagation are reconstructed by appropriate sampling of the transients. We observe how laser intensity, Ramsey sequence and the Rb cell temperature affect the time dependence of EIT line shapes, amplitudes and linewidths. We show that at early times of the probe pulse propagation, several Ramsey fringes are present in EIT resonances, while at later moments a single narrow peak prevails. Time development of EIT amplitudes are determined by the transmitted intensity of the component during the pulse propagation.
We have performed electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and two-photon absorption experiments in ladder-type three-level systems in a hot sodium atomic vapor, using the 3S1/2-3P1/2-4D3/2, 3S1/2-3P3/2-4D3/2,5/2, 3S1/2-3P1/2-5S1/2, and 3S1/2-3P3/2-5S1/2 transitions. In particular, in the most pronounced 3S1/2-3P1/2-4D3/2 system, we have observed quite unique spectral line shapes that are superpositions of sharp dips and peaks, in contrast to ordinary EIT spectra. The peaks and dips have apparently different physical origins, and the line shape can be interpreted as the interference between EIT and two-step excitation.
We have theoretically and experimentally investigated coherent pump-probe spectra for the 3S1/23{S}_{1/2}3S1/2​-3P1/23{P}_{1/2}3P1/2​ D1D1D1 transition of sodium atomic vapor. Probe transmission spectra in the presence of a coupling beam exhibit dramatic changes depending on experimental conditions. In the weak-excitation, low-atomic-density limit, the spectra are mainly characterized by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and saturated absorption, but for the strong-excitation, high-density case, parametric amplification (PA) is dominant, featuring high probe gain and Stokes-wave generation. We have developed a theory that can explain these two seemingly totally different phenomena (EIT and PA) within the same theoretical framework by manipulating a few experimentally controllable parameters, and have successfully reproduced the observed spectra. Other than the main spectral features, many other interesting physical processes have been predicted and observed.
The sensitivity of electric field sensors based on two-photon electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) involving highly excited Rydberg states in thermal atoms is often limited by the residual Doppler effect and optical power broadening. Here, we propose a method to reduce the EIT spectral linewidth using a Ramsey interrogation approach, allowing multiple interrogations of atomic coherence, using either temporally or spatially separated laser beams. Our theoretical calculations predict that the linewidth of such Raman-Ramsey spectral features can be substantially reduced compare to a standard Doppler-broadened EIT, opening a possibility to improve sensitivity of Rydberg atomic vapor-based sensors.