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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Interference between electromagnetically induced transparency and two-step excitation in three-level ladder systems

Nobuhito Hayashi, Akihiko Fujisawa, Hiroaki Kido, Ken-ichi Takahashi, Masaharu Mitsunaga

Published Jul 26, 2010• 29 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have performed electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and two-photon absorption experiments in ladder-type three-level systems in a hot sodium atomic vapor, using the 3S1/2-3P1/2-4D3/2, 3S1/2-3P3/2-4D3/2,5/2, 3S1/2-3P1/2-5S1/2, and 3S1/2-3P3/2-5S1/2 transitions. In particular, in the most pronounced 3S1/2-3P1/2-4D3/2 system, we have observed quite unique spectral line shapes that are superpositions of sharp dips and peaks, in contrast to ordinary EIT spectra. The peaks and dips have apparently different physical origins, and the line shape can be interpreted as the interference between EIT and two-step excitation.

DOI
10.1364/josab.27.001645

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We have performed electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and two-photon absorption experiments in ladder-type three-level systems in a hot sodium atomic vapor, using the 3S1/2-3P1/2-4D3/2, 3S1/2-3P3/2-4D3/2,5/2, 3S1/2-3P1/2-5S1/2, and 3S1/2-3P3/2-5S1/2 transitions. In particular, in the most pronounced 3S1/2-3P1/2-4D3/2 system, we have observed quite unique spectral line shapes that are superpositions of sharp dips and peaks, in contrast to ordinary EIT spectra. The peaks and dips have apparently different physical origins, and the line shape can be interpreted as the interference between EIT and two-step excitation.
We have theoretically and experimentally investigated the V-type three-level system in hot sodium atomic vapor interacting with two optical waves: probe, resonant to the D1 line, and coupling, the D2 line. Theoretically, probe transmission spectra are simulated by using a perturbative treatment including eight hyperfine levels (multilevel system) in the 3S1/2, 3P1/2, and 3P3/2 states. The spectra are composed of linear absorption, saturated absorption, and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signals. By comparing this simulation with the experimental results, we concluded that we have indeed observed EIT signals when the coupling beam is resonant to the D2-line closed transition.
We show theoretically and experimentally that the line shapes observed in ordinary electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) experiments in sodium atomic vapor can be explained by the superposition of two processes, EIT and N-type resonances (NTR). When the higher frequency side of the Doppler absorption profile is excited, EIT is dominant, whereas, for the lower frequency side, NTR is dominant, and, in between, interference between EIT and NTR takes place. Theoretical simulations, based on a perturbative approach, agreed reasonably well with the experimental observations. The signal behavior concerning ac Stark shifts has also been studied for EIT and NTR; it was found that, although the signal peak always shifts toward the higher frequency in the case of EIT, for NTR, the shift can be nullified by adjusting the power balance of the two incident beams.
We report on three-photon electromagnetically induced absorption (TPEIA) due to three-photon coherence in ladder-type atomic systems for the 5S1/25{S}_{1/2}5S1/2​-5P3/25{P}_{3/2}5P3/2​-5D5/25{D}_{5/2}5D5/2​ transition in Rb atoms. When a counterpropagating coupling field was added to the typical ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) experiment, both EIT and two-photon absorption (TPA) switched to TPEIA. Considering three-photon coherence in a Doppler-broadened three-level ladder-type atomic system, the spectrum of the switch from EIT and TPA to TPEIA was numerically calculated and could be understood by decomposing the calculated spectrum into two-photon coherence and three-photon coherence components.
In a Doppler-broadened ladder-type Rubidium atomic system [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text], three-photon electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) and transparency (EIT) in two schemes of two coupling lasers with different propagation directions are comprehensively studied. Two coupling fields are entangled tightly with each other and induce constructive interference such that we observe EIA as two coupling fields are counter-propagating. Two coupling fields are independent and cause destructive interference such that only enhanced EIT occurs when two coupling fields are co-propagating, although all of the Doppler-broadened atoms satisfy the condition for three-photon resonance. The experimental results are coincided with the numerically calculated spectra using the dressed perturbation method. The mechanisms of EIT and EIA could also be understood by the dressed-state pictures.
Ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and two-photon absorption (TPA) under a low-light level of probe (0.2 μW/cm2(0.06Γ2)) and weak coupling power for a cesium atom at room temperature are investigated. Reduction of the fluorescence on the TPA in a three-level system via EIT interference is clearly observed and analyzed under the low probe Rabi frequency of about 0.30 MHz to avoid the affects from the vicinity of intermediate hyperfine states. The transparency ratio of EIT derived from the reduction of fluorescence is about 25%. Additionally, the EIT linewidth observed can be as narrow as 2.64 MHz, while the coupling Rabi frequency is around 2.66 MHz. By solving the steady-state optical Bloch equations, the numerical simulation spectra are in good agreement with EIT and TPA. According to our investigations, the Doppler velocity averaging effect over the thermal atoms reducing the linewidth of the EIT signal proves the advantage of observing the EIT in the room-temperature cell.
We report experimentally the properties of the hyperfine spectra in [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transitions of [Formula: see text]Rb. When the frequency of the coupling field is fixed between [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transition and the probe scans the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transitions, two-photon absorption (TPA) and electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) peaks could be investigated simultaneously, and the amplitude of the peaks can be controlled by changing the temperature of rubidium atomic vapor cell and the probe field power. In particular, the probe field power plays a dual role in controlling the amplitude of the peaks. In the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transitions with the open intermediate state [Formula: see text], with decrease of the coupling field power, our experimental results show a crossover from a convoluted line-shape to EIT when the probe is weak whereas a transformation from a convoluted line-shape to TPA with an enhanced probe power. Formation of the convoluted line-shape is explained by virtue of the dressed energy-level diagram.