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Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Quantum noise on the coherent-transport protocol for clock synchronization

Duan Xie, Chen Haifeng

Published Feb 1, 2016• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The paper presents the synchronization accuracies of the coherent-transport protocol in the presence of quantum noise. Under the influence of bit flip noise, the accuracy will reduce to the standard quantum limit. When influenced by phase flip and amplitude damping, the accuracies are lower than the standard quantum limit in most cases. By comparison to the performance of the onequbit transport protocol and the entangled-states transport protocol, we found the accuracy of the coherent-transport protocol to be lower than the accuracies of the other two protocols in the presence of phase flip and amplitude damping.

DOI
10.3938/jkps.68.497

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The paper presents the synchronization accuracies of the coherent-transport protocol in the presence of quantum noise. Under the influence of bit flip noise, the accuracy will reduce to the standard quantum limit. When influenced by phase flip and amplitude damping, the accuracies are lower than the standard quantum limit in most cases. By comparison to the performance of the onequbit transport protocol and the entangled-states transport protocol, we found the accuracy of the coherent-transport protocol to be lower than the accuracies of the other two protocols in the presence of phase flip and amplitude damping.
Previous researches show that the quantum clock synchronization can achieve a high accuracy in noise-free channel. However, there is much noise in actual channel. The noise may introduce some errors during synchronization. The paper study the accuracy in two noisy channels: Bit flip channel and Phase flip channel. We find the pollution channel may usually degrade time accuracy. And the accuracy of Phase flip may be worse than accuracy of Bit flip. In some pollution case, quantum clock synchronization does not provide any valuable time information.
In laboratory environment, the channel apparatus will generate particular dominant quantum noise. The noise then will give rise to some errors during synchronization. In this work, the accuracies of one qubit transport protocol and entangled states transport protocol in the presence of noise have been studied. With the help of three important and familiar noise models, the quantum noise will degrade the accuracy has been proved. Due to the influence of quantum noise, the accuracy of entangled qubits decrease faster than that of one qubit. The entangled states will improve the accuracy in noise-free channel, and will degrade the accuracy in noise channel.
This paper presents the phase precision of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the presence of two types of quantum noise. Under the influence of amplitude-damping noise, the precisions of three input cases will gradually decrease and be less than the standard quantum limit. When the quantum states are influenced by bit-phase flip, the precisions for inputs of a coherent state and a squeezed vacuum state and the precision of spin squeezing state decrease at first and then increase with increasing η (parameter characterizing the noise strength) from 0 to 1. Comparing the rates at which the precisions decrease, we found that the precision of the spin squeezing state decreased faster than those of the other two cases in most instances.
We introduce methods for clock synchronization that make use of the adiabatic exchange of nondegenerate two-level quantum systems: ticking qubits. Schemes involving the exchange of NNN independent qubits with frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ give a synchronization accuracy that scales as ${(\ensuremath{\omega}\sqrt{N})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$---i.e., as the standard quantum limit. We introduce a protocol that makes use of Nc{N}_{c}Nc​ coherent exchanges of a single qubit at frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$, leading to an accuracy that scales as ${(\ensuremath{\omega}{N}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{N}_{c}$. This protocol beats the standard quantum limit without the use of entanglement, and we argue that this scaling is the fundamental limit for clock synchronization allowed by quantum mechanics. We analyze the performance of these protocols when used with a lossy channel.
We investigate how the efficiency of the quantum teleportation protocol is affected when the qubits involved in the protocol are subjected to noise or decoherence. We study all types of noise usually encountered in real-world implementations of quantum communication protocols, namely, the bit-flip, phase-flip (phase damping), depolarizing, and amplitude-damping noise. Several realistic scenarios are studied in which a part or all of the qubits employed in the execution of the quantum teleportation protocol are subjected to the same or different types of noise. We find noise scenarios not yet known in which more noise or less entanglement lead to more efficiency. Furthermore, we show that if noise is unavoidable it is better to subject the qubits to different noise channels in order to obtain an increase in the efficiency of the protocol.
In the actual quantum communication process, there will inevitably be noise in the quantum channel. In this chapter, we consider teleportation protocols in noisy environment. There are different types of noises, which are amplitude-damping, bit-flip, phase-flip, phase-damping, depolarizing noise, etc. Throughout this chapter, four types of noises are considered, namely amplitude-damping, bit-flip, phase-flip, phase-damping, under which teleportation without and with control are presented. The analysis of fidelity of the process against the variation of noise parameters are also discussed. Teleportation through noisy environment have been discussed in a good number of papers like [ 43 , 57 , 60 , 63 , 69 , 79 , 92 , 96 , 114 , 178 , 198 , 204 ].