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IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference

Secure Probability Map: Transmission Policy Design for Passive Eavesdroppers in Correlated Channels

Huijun Li, Zekai Liang, Güneş Karabulut Kurt, Gerd Ascheid, Guido Dartmann

Published Sep 1, 2015• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Physical layer security in the presence of passive eavesdroppers (i.e., the eavesdroppers' channels are unknown to the transmitter) in correlated channels is addressed. The majority of the literature with passive eavesdroppers assumption focus on uncorrelated channels and random artificial noise (AN) generation in the null space of the legitimate channel. This paper targets joint optimization of the AN vector and the power fraction used for beamforming in correlated channels. These two variables are obtained by maximizing the minimum secure probability of attaining a pre-determined secrecy level for a certain number of the most dangerous potential Eves, which are obtained by the correlation map. The correlation map contains long-term channel correlation matrices for all the potential Eves' locations, which are captured by legitimate users passing through these areas in the past. We use a secure probability map to illustrate the secrecy levels for all the possible positions of the legitimate user. The results show the significant secrecy enhancement of our proposed algorithm when compared to the exiting AN generation methods.

DOI
10.1109/vtcfall.2015.7391132

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Physical layer security in the presence of passive eavesdroppers (i.e., the eavesdroppers' channels are unknown to the transmitter) in correlated channels is addressed. The majority of the literature with passive eavesdroppers assumption focus on uncorrelated channels and random artificial noise (AN) generation in the null space of the legitimate channel. This paper targets joint optimization of the AN vector and the power fraction used for beamforming in correlated channels. These two variables are obtained by maximizing the minimum secure probability of attaining a pre-determined secrecy level for a certain number of the most dangerous potential Eves, which are obtained by the correlation map. The correlation map contains long-term channel correlation matrices for all the potential Eves' locations, which are captured by legitimate users passing through these areas in the past. We use a secure probability map to illustrate the secrecy levels for all the possible positions of the legitimate user. The results show the significant secrecy enhancement of our proposed algorithm when compared to the exiting AN generation methods.
Generating random artificial noise (AN) in the null space of the legitimate channel is an effective way to achieve secrecy in wireless communication when the locations and channels of eavesdroppers are not known. In this paper, we propose an AN design based on the channel correlation map assuming passive eavesdroppers (Eves) for indoor-to-outdoor scenario. Channel correlation map is a geographical map with overlay knowledge of long-term channel correlation matrices for possible Eves' locations. This knowledge is learned by legitimate users passing through these areas in the past. Different from the existing secrecy analyses with passive Eves, correlated transmit antenna arrays are assumed. Our AN vector is generated by maximizing the secure probability of attaining a pre-determined secrecy level for a certain number of the most dangerous potential Eves, which is found by the correlation map. We give an intuitive view of the secrecy performance for the whole area and show that our strategy enhances the secrecy level of the system when compared to the existing random null space AN method.
This paper investigates cooperative security in wireless networks, where a source (Alice) intends to transmit a confidential message to a legitimate destination (Bob), with the help of a cooperative jammer (Charlie), coexisting with multiple passive eavesdroppers (Eves). In particular, by assuming knowledge of Bob's perfect channel state information (CSI) but only Eves’ statistical CSIs, secrecy beamforming with artificial noise (AN) is utilized for secure transmission, and cooperative jamming (CJ) is explored to further enhance secrecy. We first derive an accurate closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability (SOP), and establish the condition under which positive secrecy rate is achievable. Then, we provide a secure transmit design for maximizing the SOP constrained secrecy rate. Moreover, based on a strict mathematical analysis, we characterize the impact of the main channel quality and the number of Eves on transmit design and secrecy performance. Specifically, optimal power allocation ratio between the information-bearing signal and the AN signal increases as the main channel quality improves, and decreases with the number of Eves. Numerical results confirm that our design achieves performance improvement in terms of both secrecy rate and secure energy efficiency, as compared to the approach without CJ.
This paper addresses physical layer security in MIMO communications over frequency selective wireless channels in the presence of passive eavesdroppers, i.e. the associated channels are unknown to the legitimate transmitter. Signalling is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Spatial beamforming is performed to improve the quality of the legitimate link. With the aim of confusing the eavesdroppers, a fraction of the available power is allocated to transmit artificial noise. Frequency diversity is shown to significantly improve secrecy. A probabilistic analysis of secrecy is presented.
Transmit beamforming and artificial noise-based methods have been widely employed to achieve physical-layer (PHY) security. However, these approaches may fail to provide satisfactory secure performance if the channels of legitimate user (LU) and eavesdropper (Eve) are highly correlated, which usually occurs in the case of close-located LU and Eve. The goal of this paper is to address the PHY security problem for proximal LU and Eve in millimeter-wave transmissions. To this end, we propose a novel frequency diverse array (FDA) beamforming approach, which intentionally introduces some frequency offsets across array antennas to decouple the highly correlated channels of LU and Eve. By exploiting this decoupling capability, the FDA beamforming can degrade Eve's reception and thus enhance PHY security. Leveraging FDA beamforming, we aim to maximize the secrecy rate by jointly optimizing the frequency offsets and the transmit beamformer. This secrecy rate maximization problem is difficult due to the tightly coupled variables. However, we show that it can be reformulated into a form only depending on the frequency offsets. Building upon this reformulation, we further employ the block successive upper-bound minimization method to iteratively obtain a solution with stationary convergence guarantee. Numerical results demonstrate that FDA beamforming can provide higher secrecy rate than conventional beamforming, especially for proximal LU and Eve.
The security of a wireless channel between a transmitter and legitimate user(s) in the presence of eavesdroppers can be improved by the addition of artificial noise (AN) transmission. In the case where the channel state information of the eavesdroppers is not known, some AN schemes transmit multiple uncorrelated noise signals via distinct orthogonal beamforming vectors. The vectors are designed to avoid affecting the legitimate links, and mutual orthogonality increases the likelihood that the AN signals are received at the eavesdroppers with high power. Applications in massive-MIMO, where hardware is constrained, motivate us to design vectors whose elements have arbitrary phases but equal magnitudes [1].This work proposes an algorithm that generates multiple such phase-only beamforming vectors via a single optimization problem and significantly increases the number of vectors which can be found compared to the previous work [2]. Consequently, our results demonstrate substantially higher lower-bounds on maximum achievable secrecy rate via this approach compared to the previous work [2] for similar scenarios.
In physical layer security, the geographical secure region as a practical security metric has received considerable interest. This paper derives the distribution functions of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios at Bob and Eve with Rician fading channels, which is used to calculate the secrecy outage probability for different Eve’s locations. Then, the secure region can be determined in geographical two-dimensional plane by comparing the secrecy outage probability with a threshold. Based on this, two optimization problems of the beamforming vector at Bob used for transmitting the artificial noise are constructed to expand the secure region, with and without the knowledge of Eve’s location, respectively. Simulation results are provided to depict the secure region with different antenna numbers, and illustrate that the secure region can be effectively expanded by using the optimized beamforming vector at Bob.