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IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)

Secure Transmission Design Based on the Geographical Location of Eavesdropper

Tao Li, Yongzhao Li, Octavia A. Dobre

Published Sep 13, 2021• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In physical layer security, the geographical secure region as a practical security metric has received considerable interest. This paper derives the distribution functions of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios at Bob and Eve with Rician fading channels, which is used to calculate the secrecy outage probability for different Eve’s locations. Then, the secure region can be determined in geographical two-dimensional plane by comparing the secrecy outage probability with a threshold. Based on this, two optimization problems of the beamforming vector at Bob used for transmitting the artificial noise are constructed to expand the secure region, with and without the knowledge of Eve’s location, respectively. Simulation results are provided to depict the secure region with different antenna numbers, and illustrate that the secure region can be effectively expanded by using the optimized beamforming vector at Bob.

DOI
10.1109/pimrc50174.2021.9569471

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In physical layer security, the geographical secure region as a practical security metric has received considerable interest. This paper derives the distribution functions of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios at Bob and Eve with Rician fading channels, which is used to calculate the secrecy outage probability for different Eve’s locations. Then, the secure region can be determined in geographical two-dimensional plane by comparing the secrecy outage probability with a threshold. Based on this, two optimization problems of the beamforming vector at Bob used for transmitting the artificial noise are constructed to expand the secure region, with and without the knowledge of Eve’s location, respectively. Simulation results are provided to depict the secure region with different antenna numbers, and illustrate that the secure region can be effectively expanded by using the optimized beamforming vector at Bob.
This letter studies a challenging physical layer security problem for downlink transmissions when facing a randomly located active eavesdropper. Artificial noise (AN) is transmitted in conjunction with a confidential signal to defend against the eavesdropper. However, the active eavesdropper with changeable location can perform both eavesdropping and malicious jamming simultaneously, which yields the secrecy outage probability as an unsuitable performance metric. In this case, a more appropriate metric, the hybrid outage probability which takes both the transmission outage probability and secrecy outage probability into consideration, is derived to evaluate the security performance. Based on the hybrid outage probability, we can optimize the power allocation to the confidential and AN signals. Furthermore, an insecure region is defined to restrict the location of the eavesdropper. Additionally, the insecure range is defined as a valuable indicator of a circular insecure region. Simulation results are provided to depict the region around receiver is insecure.
We propose a new location-based beamforming (LBB) scheme for wiretap channels, where a multi-antenna source communicates with a single-antenna legitimate receiver in the presence of a multi-antenna eavesdropper. We assume that all channels are in a Rician fading environment, the channel state information from the legitimate receiver is perfectly known at the source, and that the only information on the eavesdropper available at the source is her location. We first describe how the optimal beamforming vector that minimizes the secrecy outage probability of the system is obtained, illustrating its dependence on the eavesdropper’s location. We then derive an easy-to-compute expression for the secrecy outage probability when our proposed LBB scheme is adopted. We also consider the positive impact a friendly jammer can have on our beamforming solution, showing how the path to optimality remains the same. Finally, we investigate the impact of location uncertainty on the secrecy outage probability, showing how our solution can still allow for secrecy even when the source only has a noisy estimate of the eavesdropper’s location. This paper demonstrates how a multi-antenna array, operating in the most general channel conditions and most likely system setup, can be configured rapidly in the field so as to deliver an optimal physical layer security solution.
With the increasing number of antennae in base stations, there is considerable interest in using beamforming to improve physical layer security, by creating an “exposure region” that enhances the received signal quality for a legitimate user and reduces the possibility of leaking information to a randomly located passive eavesdropper. This paper formalizes this concept by proposing a novel definition for the security level of such a legitimate transmission, called the spatial secrecy outage probability (SSOP). By performing a theoretical and numerical analysis, it is shown how the antenna array parameters can affect the SSOP and its analytic upper bound. While this approach may be applied to any array type and any fading channel model, it is shown here how the security performance of a uniform linear array varies in a Rician fading channel by examining the analytic SSOP upper bound.
In this paper, we investigate the artificial noise-aided jamming design for a transmitter equipped with large antenna array in Rician fading channels. We figure out that when the number of transmit antennas tends to infinity, whether the secrecy outage happens in a Rician channel depends on the geometric locations of eavesdroppers. In this light, we first define and analytically describe the secrecy outage region (SOR), indicating all possible locations of an eavesdropper that can cause secrecy outage. After that, the secrecy outage probability (SOP) is derived, and a jamming-beneficial range, i.e., the distance range of eavesdroppers which enables uniform jamming to reduce the SOP, is determined. Then, the optimal power allocation between messages and artificial noise is investigated for different scenarios. Furthermore, to use the jamming power more efficiently and further reduce the SOP, we propose directional jamming that generates jamming signals at selected beams (mapped to physical angles) only, and power allocation algorithms are proposed for the cases with and without the information of the suspicious area, i.e., possible locations of eavesdroppers. We further extend the discussions to multiuser and multi-cell scenarios. At last, numerical results validate our conclusions and show the effectiveness of our proposed jamming power allocation schemes.
The paper considers the secure transmission in a wireless environment in which both the transmitter (Alice) and the legitimate receiver (Bob) send artificial noise (AN) to interfere with the eavesdropper (Eve). Optimal design is analyzed in detail for this AN-by-both-side model to deal with Eve’s stochastic channel condition and random spatial distribution. Bipolar-beamforming is first proposed to jointly design Alice and Bob’s transmitting signals. By optimally assigning the transmitting antenna for Bob and allocating the power ratio between Alice’s information and the AN signal, maximum secrecy capacity can be achieved. Simulation is done to illustrate the process of bipolar-beamforming optimization. Results show that the AN-by-both-side model has good secrecy performance on both average and extreme conditions as Eve approaches Alice or Bob.
We propose a new optimal location-based beamforming (LBB) scheme for the wiretap channel, where both the main channel and the eavesdropper's channel are subject to Rician fading. In our LBB scheme, the two key inputs are the location of the legitimate receiver and the location of the potential eavesdropper. Notably, our scheme does not require any channel state information of the main channel or the eavesdropper's channel being available at the transmitter. This makes our scheme easy to deploy in a host of application settings in which the location inputs are known. Our beamforming solution assumes a multiple-antenna transmitter and a multiple-antenna eavesdropper, and its aim is to maximize the physical layer security of the channel. To obtain our solution, we first derive the secrecy outage probability of the LBB scheme in an easy-to-evaluate expression that is valid for arbitrary real values of the Rician K-factors of the main channel and the eavesdropper's channel. Using this expression, we then determine the location-based beamformer solution that minimizes the secrecy outage probability. To assess the usefulness of our new scheme, and to quantify the value of the location information to physical layer security, we compare our scheme to other schemes, some of which do not utilize any location information. Our new beamformer solution provides optimal physical layer security for a wide range of location-based applications.