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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Real-time digital processing of qubit readout and feedback control

Yuzhao Liu, Nissim Ofek, K. Geerlings, Michael Hatridge, R. J. Schoelkopf, Michel Devoret

Published Mar 19, 2013• 1 citation
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Electronic systems for qubit control and measurement serve as a bridge between quantum programming language and quantum information processors. With the rapid development of superconducting quantum circuit technology, synchronization in a large-scale system, low-latency execution, and low noise are required for electronic systems. Here, we present a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based electronic system with a distributed synchronous clock and trigger architecture. The system supports synchronous control of qubits with jitters of ∼5 ps. We implement a real-time digital signal processing system in the FPGA, enabling precise timing control, arbitrary waveform generation, in-phase and quadrature demodulation for qubit state discrimination, and the generation of real-time qubit-state-dependent trigger signals for feedback/feedforward control. The hardware and firmware low-latency design reduces the feedback/feedforward latency of the electronic system to 125 ns, significantly less than the decoherence times of the qubit. Finally, we demonstrate the functionalities and low-noise performance of this system using a fluxonium quantum processor.
Being important parts of the superconducting quantum computer, the high-speed arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), ultraprecision dc source, and high-speed digitizer are used to manipulate the qubit. The complexity of an experimental setup increases rapidly as the number of qubits grows. Cumbersome instrument management, distortion of signals, and inefficiency of data transmission are gradually highlighted and become the bottlenecks in scaling up the number of qubits. In addition, fault-tolerant quantum computing has real-time feedback requirements of qubit states. To deal with these challenges, we propose an instrument management software design in this paper. The software maps the resources of separate instruments to a unified virtual instrument, achieving the scalability of the instruments. The processing and correction of signals are deployed on a server, which automatically corrects the distortion of the signals. By designing a multi-threaded mechanism for the AWG and a custom-defined data-link protocol for the digitizer, the efficiency of the software meets the requirements of experiments. Cooperating with the AWG and digitizer, the software provides the real-time feedback capability using an instruction compiler. Thus, the software meets the requirements of superconducting quantum computing, as demonstrated through its application to a 12-bit quantum experiment.