Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Chinese Physics Letters

Comment on “Improvement of Controlled Bidirectional Quantum Direct Communication Using a GHZ State" [Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 040305]

Zhihao Liu, Hanwu Chen

Published Jul 1, 2013• 28 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of definite information leakage existing in the controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication protocol using GHZ states [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 1680 ] was pointed out by Ye and Jiang [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 040305 ]. Then, they proposed two strategies to improve this security bug. However, if the revised versions are analyzed from the viewpoint of information theory, it can be found that they still have the problem of information leakage. That is, three quarters and one half of the information interchanged by the communication parties are leaked out unknowingly in the first and second revised protocols, respectively.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/30/7/079901

Related papers

Reply to the Comment on “Improvement of Controlled Bidirectional Quantum Direct Communication Using a GHZ State" [Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 040305]

Tian-Yu Ye, Li-zhen Jiang

Most recently, Liu and Chen [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 079901 ] used the tool of information theory to analyze the security of our two improved versions of the MX protocol [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 040305 ], and they found out that our two improved versions still have the information leakage problem. After revisiting them with the tool of information theory again, with respect to the security, we draw the same conclusion as Liu and Chen. In addition, we point out that how to use a single quantum state as the sole quantum resource to design a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol without information leakage is still a big challenge that needs to be solved.

Chinese Physics Letters•Jul 1, 2013•45 citations

Improvement of Controlled Bidirectional Quantum Direct Communication Using a GHZ State

Tian-Yu Ye, Li-zhen Jiang

The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 1680] is analyzed. It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage, i.e., the first bit of a secret message from any communication party is always leaked out without any active attack after the controller's announcement of measurement results. We put forward two approaches to improve this. The first is to merely modify the encoding rule of the MX protocol, while the second is to use a Bell state as the quantum resource instead of a GHZ state. Both our approaches can ensure that all the bits of secret messages from two communication parties are not leaked out after the controller's announcement of measurement results. Moreover, the controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the second approach is more convenient to implement than the MX protocol, since it merely uses a Bell state as the quantum resource and only needs to perform the Bell-basis measurement.

Chinese Physics Letters•Apr 1, 2013•102 citations

Information Leakage Problem in High-Capacity Quantum Secure Communication with Authentication Using Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen Pairs

Zhihao Liu, Hanwu Chen, Wenjie Liu

The information leakage problem often exists in bidirectional quantum secure direct communication or quantum dialogue. In this work, we find that this problem also exists in the one-way quantum secure communication protocol [Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 (2015) 050301]. Specifically the first bit of every four-bit message block is leaked out without awareness. A way to improve the information leakage problem is given.

Chinese Physics Letters•Jul 1, 2016•11 citations

Improvement of Security of Three-Party Quantum Secure Direct Communication Based on GHZ States

Man Zhong-Xiao, Yun‐Jie Xia

A protocol for three-party quantum secure direct communication based on Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states was recently proposed by Jin et al. [Phys. Lett. A 354 (2006) 67] By analysing the protocol we find some security loopholes, e.g. one bit of secret messages of a party (Alice in the original paper) can always be leaked straight to the public without any eavesdropping. These problems suggested previously are discussed and possible solutions are presented to improve the security of the original protocol.

Chinese Physics Letters•Jan 1, 2007•75 citations

Cryptanalysis and Improvement of Two GHZ-State-Based QSDC Protocols

Fen-Zhuo Guo, Qin Su-Juan, Wen Qiao-yan +1 more

In a recent paper[J. Korean. Phys. Soc. 49 (2006) 459], two GHZ-state-based quantum secure direct communication protocols were presented. Here we point out that an eavesdropper can utilize a special property of GHZ states, i.e. “correlation-elicitable" to obtain half information of the transmitted secrets without being detected in both protocols. The particular attack strategy is demonstrated in detail. Furthermore, a possible improvement is proposed, which makes the protocols secure against this kind of attack.

Chinese Physics Letters•Sep 1, 2010•7 citations

Revisiting Quantum Secure Direct Communication with W State

Jun Liu, Liu Yi-Min, Hai-Jing Cao +2 more

The quantum secure direct communication protocol recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) is revisited. A security leak is pointed out. Taking advantage of this leak, an eavesdropper may adopt the intercept–measure–resend strategy to attack the quantum channel such that in the C-S QSDC protocol the secret message can be completely eavesdropped. To fix the leak, the original version of the C-S QSDC protocol is revised. As a consequence, the security is improved and assured at least in the case of an ideal quantum channel.

Chinese Physics Letters•Sep 27, 2006•42 citations
The problem of definite information leakage existing in the controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication protocol using GHZ states [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 1680 ] was pointed out by Ye and Jiang [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 040305 ]. Then, they proposed two strategies to improve this security bug. However, if the revised versions are analyzed from the viewpoint of information theory, it can be found that they still have the problem of information leakage. That is, three quarters and one half of the information interchanged by the communication parties are leaked out unknowingly in the first and second revised protocols, respectively.
Most recently, Liu and Chen [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 079901 ] used the tool of information theory to analyze the security of our two improved versions of the MX protocol [ Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 (2013) 040305 ], and they found out that our two improved versions still have the information leakage problem. After revisiting them with the tool of information theory again, with respect to the security, we draw the same conclusion as Liu and Chen. In addition, we point out that how to use a single quantum state as the sole quantum resource to design a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol without information leakage is still a big challenge that needs to be solved.
The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 1680] is analyzed. It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage, i.e., the first bit of a secret message from any communication party is always leaked out without any active attack after the controller's announcement of measurement results. We put forward two approaches to improve this. The first is to merely modify the encoding rule of the MX protocol, while the second is to use a Bell state as the quantum resource instead of a GHZ state. Both our approaches can ensure that all the bits of secret messages from two communication parties are not leaked out after the controller's announcement of measurement results. Moreover, the controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the second approach is more convenient to implement than the MX protocol, since it merely uses a Bell state as the quantum resource and only needs to perform the Bell-basis measurement.
A protocol for three-party quantum secure direct communication based on Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states was recently proposed by Jin et al. [Phys. Lett. A 354 (2006) 67] By analysing the protocol we find some security loopholes, e.g. one bit of secret messages of a party (Alice in the original paper) can always be leaked straight to the public without any eavesdropping. These problems suggested previously are discussed and possible solutions are presented to improve the security of the original protocol.
In a recent paper[J. Korean. Phys. Soc. 49 (2006) 459], two GHZ-state-based quantum secure direct communication protocols were presented. Here we point out that an eavesdropper can utilize a special property of GHZ states, i.e. “correlation-elicitable" to obtain half information of the transmitted secrets without being detected in both protocols. The particular attack strategy is demonstrated in detail. Furthermore, a possible improvement is proposed, which makes the protocols secure against this kind of attack.
The quantum secure direct communication protocol recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) is revisited. A security leak is pointed out. Taking advantage of this leak, an eavesdropper may adopt the intercept–measure–resend strategy to attack the quantum channel such that in the C-S QSDC protocol the secret message can be completely eavesdropped. To fix the leak, the original version of the C-S QSDC protocol is revised. As a consequence, the security is improved and assured at least in the case of an ideal quantum channel.