In scientific literature the Esaki junction is considered a typical system of quantum physics and its behavior is explained with the theory of probability. In this article we prove that the functioning of the Esaki junction can be explained very well without making use of the theory of probability but only by means of deterministic physical reasonings. This research is the first step in order to show that it is possible to think on a theory of quantum physics which is able to leave probability aside for a complete and exhaustive understanding of physical phenomena which happen in the microphysical world.
In scientific literature the Esaki junction is considered a typical system of quantum physics and its behavior is explained with the theory of probability. In this article we prove that the functioning of the Esaki junction can be explained very well without making use of the theory of probability but only by means of deterministic physical reasonings. This research is the first step in order to show that it is possible to think on a theory of quantum physics which is able to leave probability aside for a complete and exhaustive understanding of physical phenomena which happen in the microphysical world.
This article provides a comprehensive review of the quantum tunneling effect, one of the most important phenomena in quantum mechanics. According to the laws of classical physics, a particle cannot overcome a potential barrier if it has insufficient energy. However, in quantum mechanics, due to the wave nature of the particle, the probability of penetrating the barrier is non-zero. This work analyzes in detail the theoretical foundations of the tunneling effect, its description via the Schrödinger equation, probability amplitudes, boundary conditions for wave functions, and their physical meaning. Furthermore, the application of this effect in semiconductor physics, nuclear physics, scanning tunneling microscopy, and nanotechnology is discussed. Based on the work of Kazakh scientists, the place and significance of the tunneling effect in modern physics are determined. The research results provide a deeper understanding of quantum phenomena and promote the development of their practical applications.
This paper focuses on the quantum tunneling effect, which describes how a particle may penetrate barriers or obstructions using the Schrödinger equation. If a particle makes a barrier tunneling, it means that a particle with low energy goes through the barrier whose energy level is much higher. It is a basis or background for the entire theory of this part. The particle transport probability is explained using both single- and multi-barrier system models. The paper studies the relationship between barrier parameters and particle transmission probability for both single- and multiple-barrier system models.The aim of the study is the provision of the theoretical devices and algorithms via a quantum operational efficiency.Particularly, the paper deals with the multipath barrier tunneling effect, and it connects the transmission coefficients with the system parameters. The goal of this article is to come up with the new strategies and procedures that one can use the quantum phenomenon of the tunneling effect in the contemporary physical th applications, cutting the gap between theoretical physics and technology.This will be done by studying and analyzing theoretical processes and mathematics of this phenomenon along with the technological applications it has.
This article considers a partly philosophical question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using quantum-like models or theories (models and theories based on the mathematical formalism of quantum theory) vs. classical-like ones (based on the mathematics of classical physics), in considering human thinking and decision making? This question is only partly philosophical because it also concerns the scientific understanding of the phenomena considered by the theories that use mathematical models of either type, just as in physics itself, where this question also arises as a physical question. This is because this question is in effect: What are the physical reasons for using, even if not requiring, these types of theories in considering quantum phenomena, which these theories predict fully in accord with the experiment? This is clearly also a physical, rather than only philosophical, question and so is, accordingly, the question of whether one needs classical-like or quantum-like theories or both (just as in physics we use both classical and quantum theories) in considering human thinking in psychology and related fields, such as decision science. It comes as no surprise that many of these reasons are parallel to those that are responsible for the use of QM and QFT in the case of quantum phenomena. Still, the corresponding situations should be understood and justified in terms of the phenomena considered, phenomena defined by human thinking, because there are important differences between these phenomena and quantum phenomena, which this article aims to address. In order to do so, this article will first consider quantum phenomena and quantum theory, before turning to human thinking and decision making, in addressing which it will also discuss two recent quantum-like approaches to human thinking, that by M. G. D'Ariano and F. Faggin and that by A. Khrennikov. Both approaches are ontological in the sense of offering representations, different in character in each approach, of human thinking by the formalism of quantum theory. Whether such a representation, as opposed to only predicting the outcomes of relevant experiments, is possible either in quantum theory or in quantum-like theories of human thinking is one of the questions addressed in this article. The philosophical position adopted in it is that it may not be possible to make this assumption, which, however, is not the same as saying that it is impossible. I designate this view as the reality-without-realism, RWR, view and in considering strictly mental processes as the ideality-without-idealism, IWI, view, in the second case in part following, but also moving beyond, I. Kant's philosophy.
Since its emergence, quantum mechanics has been a challenge for an understanding of reality which is based on our intuition in a classical world. Nevertheless, it has often been tried to impose this understanding of reality on quantum theory - with limited success. Instead, it might be a better alternative to redefine the meaning of physical reality. This is the objective of the paper. A consideration of the quantum measurement process, conditional probabilities and some well-known typical quantum physical experiments provides the reasoning for the following three hypotheses: (1) Prior to a first measurement, a physical system is not in a quantum state. (2) Physical reality is all that and only that about which (classical) information is available in the universe. (3) Information creation is an independent process and is not covered by the Schroedinger equation. It is the first step of the quantum measurement process and does not have a classical counterpart. The first hypothesis makes sense only if the quantum measurement process can be described without presupposing an initial state for the system under consideration. This becomes possible by the objective conditional probabilities which represent the transition probabilities between the outcomes of successive quantum measurements and have been introduced by the author in some recent papers. The second hypothesis holds as well in the classical case, but a certain incompleteness of reality is typical of quantum mechanics and the origin of many quantum phenomena. Classically, the existence of a complete reality is presumed, and hypothesis 3 has no meaning then.
Parallel analyses of matter penetrating a barrier are analyzed, one using electrodynamics, the other using quantum mechanics. Mathematical operations are performed to show the identical nature of the phenomena of reflection above the barrier and of penetration of the barrier in quantum mechanics and in classical electrodynamics. It is shown that, in reality, the tunneling effect is not a “purely quantum phenomenon”. Проведено параллельное рассмотрение прохождения материи через барьер методами электродинамики и квантовой механики. Математически строго получена абсолютная идентичность надбарьерного отражения и подбарьерного прохождения, как в квантовой механике, так и в классической электродинамике. Показано, что определение туннельного эффекта как «чисто квантового явления» – не соответствует действительности. Проведено паралельне дослідження проходження матерії через бар’єр методами електродинаміки та квантової механіки. Математично виключно отримана абсолютна ідентичність надбар’єрного відбиття та підбар’єрного проходження як у квантовій механіці так і в класичній електродинаміці. Показано, що визначення тунельного ефекту як «чисто квантового явища» – не відповідає дійсності.