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Chinese Physics Letters

Tunable and Linewidth-Reduced Laser Diode Stack for Rubidium Laser Pumping

Zhiyong Li, Rongqing Tan, Cheng Xu, Lin Li

Published Nov 1, 2013• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Linewidth of a laser diode stack with 5 bar is reduced to 0.2 nm from 1.8 nm through the use of an external volume Bragg grating (VBG) cavity. The temperature of the VBG is controlled efficiently to make the central wavelength tunable. The linewidth changes little in the wavelength-tuning experiments. Since the tunable range covers the rubidium D2 absorption line, the stack can be used to pump the rubidium laser efficiently.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/30/11/114201

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•Jan 1, 2014•0 citations
Linewidth of a laser diode stack with 5 bar is reduced to 0.2 nm from 1.8 nm through the use of an external volume Bragg grating (VBG) cavity. The temperature of the VBG is controlled efficiently to make the central wavelength tunable. The linewidth changes little in the wavelength-tuning experiments. Since the tunable range covers the rubidium D2 absorption line, the stack can be used to pump the rubidium laser efficiently.
We report a quasicontinuous wave (CW) linearly polarized rubidium vapor laser. The pumping source consists of five laser diode bars and its linewidth is reduced from the raw 1.8 to 0.2 nm by a bulk volume Bragg grating. Instead of adopting the “quasi-waveguide structure” gain cell, the pumping light of the rubidium vapor laser propagates freely in the vapor cell. The pumping light with polarization perpendicular to one of the rubidium laser is coupled into the resonator cavity by the polarized beam splitter. This laser configuration is suitable for a convection-cooling diode-pumped alkali vapor laser.
A high power narrow line width (38 W, 0.09 nm full width at half maximum) external cavity diode laser is investigated for rubidium spin exchange optical pumping of X129e. This tunable photon source has a constant line width, independent of operating power or wavelength within a 1 nm tuning range. When using this laser, an increase in the X129e nuclear polarization is observed when optically pumping at a lower wavelength than the measured Rb electron D1 absorption. The exact detuning from D1 for the highest polarization is dependent upon the gas density. Furthermore, at high power and/or high Rb density, a reduction in the polarization occurs at the optimum wavelength as previously reported in spin exchange optical pumping studies of H3e which is consistent with high absorption close to the cell front face. These results are encouraging for moderate high throughput polarization of X129e in the midpressure range of (0.5–2.0 amagat).
Distributed feedback (DFB) laser chips have recently become available at wavelengths that match the D1 and D2 resonance transitions of alkaline atoms. We investigated the spectral properties, tuning characteristics and modulation behavior of continuous wave, single-mode DFB diodes at 778-780 nm and performed high-resolution spectroscopy of Rubidium vapor. The mode-hop free tuning range of the DFB diodes was as large as 2.4 nm (1186 GHz). The line width of the laser diodes was examined both with a heterodyne beat experiment and with high-resolution Doppler-free two photon spectroscopy, yielding a half width of 2-2.5 MHz. The saturation spectra of the D2-line of 85Rb and 87Rb were recorded with a resolution close to the natural line width. The emission frequency was actively stabilized to Doppler-free transitions with a relative accuracy of better than 4 parts in 109 using commercially available servo devices only. The output power of 80 mW was sufficient to allow for two photon spectroscopy of the 5S-5D-transition of 87Rb. We conclude that the performance of the DFB laser equals that of grating-stabilized external-cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), without the mechanical complexity of the latter systems. The DFB diode is thus well-suited to high-resolution applications in alkaline spectroscopy, including laser cooling and optical manipulation of ultra-cold atoms.
We have made systematic studies of rubidium (Rb) number density and polarization with the purpose of comparing a variety of techniques used to make these measurements. We have used five different temperatures, 40°C to 100°C in 15° increments, to compare number density measurements made using optical absorption with those made using Faraday rotation. A diode laser operating in the region near the Rb D1 transition was used in the case of the former, while for the latter two different lasers were used, one each operating in the vicinity of the Rb D1 and D2 transitions. These number density results are compared with those obtained from vapor temperature formulae (e.g., Killian, CRC, etc.). We have also made a systematic study of Rb optical pumping using an amplified tunable diode laser which has been incrementally broadened in order to determine the effect of linewidth broadening on Rb polarization. We vary the frequency of the circularly-polarized pump laser across the D1 transition absorption profile for each of four linewidths (0.01, 0.5, 2, and 8 GHz) and measure the Rb polarization using Faraday rotation. The Rb number density for these measurements is on the order of 1012 cm−3, with 1 Torr of N2 as the buffer gas. These results are then compared with polarization measurements taken using a re-pump laser operating near the Rb D2 transition, and with theoretical calculations of the rubidium polarization.