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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Dynamic range of frequency-selective response of high-T/sub c/ Josephson detector to millimeter-wave radiation

V.V. Shirotov, Yu. Ya. Divin, Knut W. Urban

Published Mar 1, 2001• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have studied a voltage dependence of the response /spl Delta/I(V) of high-T/sub c/ Josephson detector to millimeter-wave radiation as a function of power of incident radiation. YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ grain-boundary junctions with the resistances R/sub n/=0.5-1.5 Ohm and the I/sub c/R/sub n/-product in the range 0.16-0.25 mV at 80 K have been fabricated for this study. Gunn oscillator with the frequency f=86 GHz and a set of calibrated attenuators with total attenuation of 80 dB have been used for the measurements. The dynamic range, i.e. the range of power of electromagnetic radiation at which the response of the detector is directly proportional to radiation power, was found to be around 40 dB above the noise-equivalent power for frequency-selective response at voltages V near hf/2e and >45 dB for the broadband response at low voltages.

DOI
10.1109/77.919506

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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Jun 1, 2005•8 citations
We have studied a voltage dependence of the response /spl Delta/I(V) of high-T/sub c/ Josephson detector to millimeter-wave radiation as a function of power of incident radiation. YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ grain-boundary junctions with the resistances R/sub n/=0.5-1.5 Ohm and the I/sub c/R/sub n/-product in the range 0.16-0.25 mV at 80 K have been fabricated for this study. Gunn oscillator with the frequency f=86 GHz and a set of calibrated attenuators with total attenuation of 80 dB have been used for the measurements. The dynamic range, i.e. the range of power of electromagnetic radiation at which the response of the detector is directly proportional to radiation power, was found to be around 40 dB above the noise-equivalent power for frequency-selective response at voltages V near hf/2e and >45 dB for the broadband response at low voltages.
YBCO grain boundary Josephson junctions (GBJJ's), with the normal-state resistance (R/sub N/) around 1 /spl Omega/ and I/sub C/R/sub N/ product of less than 2 mV at 45 K, where I/sub C/ is the critical current of the junction, are used to study the dynamic range of high temperature superconducting (HTS) Josephson detecting systems at millimeter-wave band. A compact pulse tube cryocooler (PTC), or a liquid helium cryostat (LHC), or a liquid nitrogen cryostat (LNC) provides the necessary low temperature environment for the operation, while Gunn oscillators together with doubler generate signals at the frequencies of 50, 98, 196 GHz whose amplitude can be adjusted by a series of calibrated attenuators. By changing the junction parameters, operating frequencies, and the cryocooler or cryostat, we have carefully looked at the dynamic range of the system. For a measuring channel bandwidth of 1 Hz, the dynamic range is around 38 dB which is determined basically by the preamplifier. This indicates that the PTC does not introduce excess noise compared with other kinds of cryostats such as LHC's or LNC's. A measuring channel bandwidth up to 1 MHz can be helpful if fast measurements are needed.
Sensitivity of high temperature superconducting (HTS) Josephson detectors at millimetre-wave band has been studied in detail. YBCO grain boundary Josephson junctions with the normal-state resistance ( R N ) around 1 Ω and I C R N product of less than 2 mV have been fabricated for this study, where I C is the critical current of the junction. A Gunn oscillator at the frequency of 98 GHz together with a set of calibrated attenuators with a total attenuation of 90 dB are used as a signal source. A quasi-optical system, which consists of a wideband planar log-periodic antenna encompassing the junction, parabolic mirrors and a hyperhemispherical silicon lens, has been used as an effective coupling system. Sensitivity increases with I C R N . Using a junction with I C R N of 300 µV, a sensitivity of about 9000 V W −1 has been obtained, which is higher than that of the Schottky diode detectors at the same frequency band and demonstrates that the HTS Josephson detectors are very sensitive at millimetre-wave band.
We have investigated both DC and AC Josephson effects of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub y/ (YBCO) thin film step-edge junctions; single step-edge junction on LaAlO/sub 3/ substrate with the step angle about 50-60/spl deg/ and biepitaxial double step-edge junction made on MgO substrate with a CeO/sub 2/ seed layer. The Josephson self-radiation was directly detected using the total power radiometer receiver systems with receiving frequencies of K band (21-23 GHz) and millimeter-wave (46-48 GHz and 71-73 GHz) range, respectively. For single step-edge junctions, the Josephson self-radiation peaks exhibited at the voltages corresponding to the basic Josephson voltage-frequency relation. The maximum first-harmonic self-radiation power at receiving frequency f/sub REC/=72 GHz and Josephson linewidth were P(I)=2.0/spl times/10/sup -3/W and /spl Delta/f=3.62 GHz at 4.2 K, respectively. For microwave irradiation, the harmonic Shapiro steps and additional half integer steps with their quasi-periodic variation satisfying the Josephson equation V=(n/m)(hf/2e) were clearly observed. For double step-edge junctions, we also observed the steps corresponding to the two junction boundaries on the two steep steps. These behaviors described with different current-phase relations corresponding to the crystal orientation relationship between the two junction boundaries.>
We have demonstrated the first applications of Josephson-effect-based Hilbert-transform spectral analysis using high-T/sub c/ Josephson junctions. YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ grain-boundary Josephson junctions have been fabricated on [110] NdGaO/sub 3/ bicrystal substrates for these measurements. At first, spectra of Josephson radiation have been measured by the Hilbert-transform technique in the range 60-800 GHz. A Lorentzian shape of the Josephson radiation and the possibility to obtain a spectral resolution as low as 0.1 cm/sup -1/ in the submillimeter-wave range has been demonstrated at liquid nitrogen temperature. Moreover, spectra of high-harmonic content of the radiation coming from commercial millimeter-wave oscillators have been measured in the spectral range from 60 to 450 GHz. A comparison of Hilbert-transform spectral analysis with conventional techniques is given.
The AC Josephson effect in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ grain-boundary junctions (GBJs) was studied in the temperature range from 4 K to 90 K. The temperature dependence of the linewidth of millimeter-wave Josephson oscillations was measured, and it is shown that the derived effective noise temperature of GBJ might be as low as the physical temperature in the temperature range investigated. This makes it possible to use the resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model with thermal fluctuations to get a limiting performance of high-T/sub c/ devices utilizing the AC Josephson effect. The lowest value of the linewidth of 72 GHz Josephson oscillations observed at 77 K was equal to 380 MHz, which demonstrates the applicability of GBJ, particularly in the field of radiation spectroscopy, even at liquid nitrogen temperatures.>
Detectors made from superconducting cuprate YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ bicrystal Josephson junctions (BJJs) on sapphire and NdGaO/sub 3/ substrates have been fabricated and characterized in the frequency band 200-900 GHz. Junctions on sapphire substrates had a normal state resistance R/sub N//spl ap/15-60 /spl Omega/, and I/sub C/R/sub N/ product up to 2.5 mV at T=4.2 K. Junctions on NdGaO/sub 3/ substrates had lower R/sub N/=1-5 /spl Omega/ and I/sub C/R/sub N/=0.4-0.9 mV at T=77 K. Three types of detecting devices have been investigated in both the broadband and the frequency-selective detection modes. One type was patterned with log-periodic antenna, and two others with Pt-metal double-slot antenna designed for a central frequency f=300 GHz and f=400 GHz, respectively. Measurements at f=320 GHz of the reception bandwidth /spl Delta/f for a device with double-slot antenna gave a quality factor Q=f//spl Delta/f/spl ap/10. A low-noise cooled 1-2 GHz bandwidth amplifier enables a better sensitivity in the self-pumping frequency mixing mode, avoiding the 1/f noise. The dependence of the spectral density of noise on voltage was compared to the data for the Josephson emission linewidth obtained by the selective detector response method. Also discussed are measurements at 500 GHz of the NEP values carried out at different experimental conditions.