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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Generation of coherent UV radiation by optical wave-mixing processes in atomic potassium

P. L. Zhang, Y. C. Wang, ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW

Published Mar 1, 1984• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A pulsed dye-laser beam (ωL) pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser is focused into a heat-pipe oven containing potassium vapor (nk ≈ 1016 cm−3). Two-photon resonant four-wave and six-wave mixing processes using the potassium 8s 2S1/2 state are investigated. Thirty-two coherent UV radiation lines are generated within the range of 300–400 nm through the processes ωUV = 2ωL ± ωIR and ωUV = 2ωL − ω′IR − ω″IR ± ω‴IR, where ωIR are frequencies of laser-induced IR waves generated in the vapor near the transitions 8S–7P, 7P–7S, 7P–5D, 8S–6P, 7S–6P, 5D–6P, etc. The influence of resonant enhancement on the UV line intensities and the phase-matching condition are analyzed.

DOI
10.1364/josab.1.000009

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Optics Letters•Jan 1, 1998•26 citations
A pulsed dye-laser beam (ωL) pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser is focused into a heat-pipe oven containing potassium vapor (nk ≈ 1016 cm−3). Two-photon resonant four-wave and six-wave mixing processes using the potassium 8s 2S1/2 state are investigated. Thirty-two coherent UV radiation lines are generated within the range of 300–400 nm through the processes ωUV = 2ωL ± ωIR and ωUV = 2ωL − ω′IR − ω″IR ± ω‴IR, where ωIR are frequencies of laser-induced IR waves generated in the vapor near the transitions 8S–7P, 7P–7S, 7P–5D, 8S–6P, 7S–6P, 5D–6P, etc. The influence of resonant enhancement on the UV line intensities and the phase-matching condition are analyzed.
The, output of a pulsed dye-laser pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd: YAG laser is focused into a heat-pipe oven. The optical wave-mixing processes and parametric oscillations from two-photon excitation of 5d2DJ state in potassium vapor are investigated. Twenty-eight coherent lines within the range of 302-421 nm are generated. Splits and frequency shifts of the parametric oscillations and wavelengths and relative intensities of spectral lines in the wave-mixing processes are explained with a theoretical analysis based on the wave equation, atomic polarization and phase-match condition. The theoretical values are found to be in agreement with the experimental results.
Two-photon resonant optical processes, using potassium ns2S1/2 states (7 ≤ n ≤ 20), are investigated in detail by a pulsed dye laser. About 100 coherent lines between 288–422 nm are generated through the processes ωUV ± ωIR = 2ωL and [Formula: see text]. The strongest lines (near mP–4S transitions) are formed by parametric oscillation and are generally split into components that are frequency shifted relative to atomic transitions. About 70 lines are generated by six-wave mixing processes and 15 other lines by four-wave mixing processes. The wavelengths, relative intensities of the lines, and the components of the strongest lines are explained with a theoretical analysis based on the wave equation, atomic polarization, and phase-match condition for both wave-mixing processes and parametric oscillations.
Two dye laser beams copropagate in barium vapour (N approximately 10 17 cm -3 ). One is tuned to the frequency ( omega L ) of the two-photon transition 6s 2 1 S 0 -6d 1 D 2 (661.2 nm). The frequency of the second ( omega L ) is tuned around that of the transition 5d6p 1 P 1 0 -5d 1 D 2 (528.6 nm). A new coherent wave at lambda UV approximately 350 nm, tunable on about 1000 cm -1 , with frequency omega UV = omega L + Omega (5d 1 D 2 -6s 2 1 S 0 ) is generated in the forward direction by a six-wave mixing parametric process.
For the first time by means of two-photon hybrid excitation in the Na2-Na system, which is distinguished from the usual two-photon excitation in atomic vapor, tunable UV coherent radiation (between 337.6 and 339.1 nm and between 358.0 and 359.6 nm) and tunable infrared stimulated radiation (3.38-3.46 µm) were generated. By optically pumping with a pulsed dye laser scanning from 614.5 to 617.4 nm for sodium vapor in a heat-pipe oven, Na2 was excited by the first photon absorption from the X ′ Σ g + to the A ′ Σ u + state. The energy was transferred to Na by Na2*-Na collision to populate the levels 3p1/2,3/2 in Na, which was followed by another photon excitation from the same beam up to near the 5S level, resulting in SERS (3P1/2-4P and 3P3/2-4P) and OPSE(5S → 4P and 4P → 4S) radiation. Assuming the detunings of pumping frequency ω1, from ω(5S,3P3/2) and ω(5s,3p1/2) to be Δ1 and Δ2, respectively, the three UV coherent radiation components were supposed to be generated by the following mixing processes: ωUV = 2ω1 − ω(5S − 4P); ω U V ′ = 2 ω 1 − [ ω ( 5 S → 4 P ) + Δ 1 ] ; ω U V ′ ′ = 2 ω 1 − [ ω ( 5 S → 4 P ) + Δ 2 ] , and also ω U V ′ ′ ′ = 2 ω 1 − ω ( 4 P → 4 S ) . The SERS and the UV signals were tuned as the pumping wavelength was tuned. The measured wavelengths agreed well with the calculated values.
The observation of an atomic wave packet by use of a coherent, nonlinear-optical process is reported. Wave packets formed in K or Rb vapor by two-photon excitation of ns and (n-2)dstates (n=8 for K; n=11 , 12 for Rb) with red (~620-nm) , 80-100-fs pulses were detected by four-wave mixing in pump-probe experiments. The temporal behavior of the wave packet is observed by monitoring the coherent UV radiation generated near the alkali mp(2)P? (2)S(1/2) (7</=m</=12 for Rb; 5</=m</=7 for K) resonance transitions when a probe pulse is scattered by the wave packet established by the earlier (identical) pump pulse. The spatial and spectral characteristics of the UV emission are well described by axially phase-matched four-wave mixing, and all the prominent frequency components of the wave packets are associated with energy differences between pairs of excited states for which Diota=0 or Diota=2 . These results demonstrate that the wave packet modulates chi((3))of the medium, thus rendering the wave packet detectable.