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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

Experimental realisation of the quantum metrological triangle experiment at LNE: Set-up and first results

Barthelemy Steck, B. Chenaud, Nicolas Feltin, Laurent Devoille, Agustı́n González-Cano, W. Poirier, F. Schopfer, G. Spengler, Sophie Djordjevic, Olivier Seron, François Piquemal, S. V. Lotkhov

Published Jun 1, 2008• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe the experimental set-up used at LNE for closing the quantum metrological triangle (QMT) experiment and also testing the quantization of a current generated by a single electron device. Our present device is an R-electron pump composed of 3 tunnel junctions. The influence of the pumping frequency on the noise and on the current stability is firstly investigated. Then preliminary results are given about the quantized current measured with the complete QMT set-up. A relative random uncertainty of a few parts in 106has been found for a 100 MHz pumping frequency.

DOI
10.1109/cpem.2008.4574935

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We describe the experimental set-up used at LNE for closing the quantum metrological triangle (QMT) experiment and also testing the quantization of a current generated by a single electron device. Our present device is an R-electron pump composed of 3 tunnel junctions. The influence of the pumping frequency on the noise and on the current stability is firstly investigated. Then preliminary results are given about the quantized current measured with the complete QMT set-up. A relative random uncertainty of a few parts in 106has been found for a 100 MHz pumping frequency.
To suitably perform quantum-metrology-triangle (QMT) measurements, it is required to conduct precise measurement of the difference between two voltage values-one generated from a Josephson voltage standard device, and the other derived from voltage drop in a quantum Hall resistance array device with a current applied using a single-electron pump device. During the measurement of this difference voltage, gain errors in digital voltmeters could be a source of uncertainty. Thus, in this study, we propose a method to reduce the effect of the gain errors in the digital voltmeters by minimizing the magnitude of difference voltage with real-time voltage tracking and feedback for the microwave frequency applied to the Josephson voltage standard device in the QMT measurement circuit.
Quantum metrology triangle experiments combine three quantum electrical effects (the Josephson effect, the quantum Hall effect and the single-electron transport effect) used in metrology. These experiments allow important fundamental consistency tests on the validity of commonly assumed relations between fundamental constants of nature and the quantum electrical effects. This paper reviews the history, results and the present status and perspectives of quantum metrology triangle experiments. It also reflects on the possible implications of results for the knowledge on fundamental constants and the quantum electrical effects. In terms of relative standard uncertainty, the best result currently achieved is nine parts in 10 7 , while the goal is to reduce the uncertainty down to below five parts in 10 7 in order to provide an impact on the adjustment of the physical constants’ values.
We present characterization of a null detector designed for an experiment aimed to close the quantum metrological triangle (QMT). The device is a SQUID amplifier equipped with a large winding-ratio planar input transformer improving the current resolution. We demonstrate equivalent input current noise down to 14 fA/Hz1/2. Furthermore, operation in a realistic environment of a dry dilution refrigerator hosting the QMT experiment is studied. We discuss particular challenges set by such system as the cryogenics introduces relatively large magnetic interference. We present data from measurements simulating the final QMT experiment and introduce the requirements for the averaging and bias reversal.
Single-electron pumps (SEPs) applied as quantum current sources are a fundamental part of a future quantum triangle experiment. To characterize an SEP in a reasonably short time, a low-noise setup is needed. We present an improved measurement setup tailored for current measurements on SEP, characterized by a low-noise wiring and a new variant of the ultrastable low-noise current amplier (ULCA). The evaluation shows that the setup is suitable for measuring a 100 pA current with a relative uncertainty of 0.1 μA/A within about 14 hours.
First I discuss various candidates of single-electron current pumps for quantum metrology. Then I focus on the hybrid normal-metal-superconductor turnstile in the form of a one-island single-electron transistor with one gate. The device demonstrates robust current plateaus at multiple levels of ef at frequency f. I discuss the various error mechanisms, based on our experiments and theoretical considerations. Ultimately the quantization accuracy is expected to be limited by either two-electron tunneling or by Cooper-pair-electron co-tunneling. We predict that it should be possible to achieve the metrological accuracy of 10-8, while maintaining the quantized current on the level of more than 10 pA, just by one turnstile with realistic parameters using aluminium as a superconductor. Recently we have managed to run ten turnstiles in parallel increasing the current level to above 100 pA. Work on suppressing the harmful sub-gap leakage current is in progress with encouraging experimental results.