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arXiv:1204.6500 · Measurement Science and Technology

Quantum metrology triangle experiments: a status review

Hansjorg Scherer, Benedetta Camarota

Published Nov 19, 2012• 84 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum metrology triangle experiments combine three quantum electrical effects (the Josephson effect, the quantum Hall effect and the single-electron transport effect) used in metrology. These experiments allow important fundamental consistency tests on the validity of commonly assumed relations between fundamental constants of nature and the quantum electrical effects. This paper reviews the history, results and the present status and perspectives of quantum metrology triangle experiments. It also reflects on the possible implications of results for the knowledge on fundamental constants and the quantum electrical effects. In terms of relative standard uncertainty, the best result currently achieved is nine parts in 10 7 , while the goal is to reduce the uncertainty down to below five parts in 10 7 in order to provide an impact on the adjustment of the physical constants’ values.

DOI
10.1088/0957-0233/23/12/124010

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Quantum metrology triangle experiments combine three quantum electrical effects (the Josephson effect, the quantum Hall effect and the single-electron transport effect) used in metrology. These experiments allow important fundamental consistency tests on the validity of commonly assumed relations between fundamental constants of nature and the quantum electrical effects. This paper reviews the history, results and the present status and perspectives of quantum metrology triangle experiments. It also reflects on the possible implications of results for the knowledge on fundamental constants and the quantum electrical effects. In terms of relative standard uncertainty, the best result currently achieved is nine parts in 10 7 , while the goal is to reduce the uncertainty down to below five parts in 10 7 in order to provide an impact on the adjustment of the physical constants’ values.
We describe the experimental set-up used at LNE for closing the quantum metrological triangle (QMT) experiment and also testing the quantization of a current generated by a single electron device. Our present device is an R-electron pump composed of 3 tunnel junctions. The influence of the pumping frequency on the noise and on the current stability is firstly investigated. Then preliminary results are given about the quantized current measured with the complete QMT set-up. A relative random uncertainty of a few parts in 106has been found for a 100 MHz pumping frequency.
To suitably perform quantum-metrology-triangle (QMT) measurements, it is required to conduct precise measurement of the difference between two voltage values-one generated from a Josephson voltage standard device, and the other derived from voltage drop in a quantum Hall resistance array device with a current applied using a single-electron pump device. During the measurement of this difference voltage, gain errors in digital voltmeters could be a source of uncertainty. Thus, in this study, we propose a method to reduce the effect of the gain errors in the digital voltmeters by minimizing the magnitude of difference voltage with real-time voltage tracking and feedback for the microwave frequency applied to the Josephson voltage standard device in the QMT measurement circuit.
The development of power system has put forward higher requirements for electrical metrology. However, the traditional measurement based on artefact has encountered a bottleneck due to its instability. In order to reduce the uncertainty of measurement, metrology based on quantum technology has been wildly studied. This paper introduces the principle of quantum voltage and two types of Josephson voltage standards, programmable Josephson voltage standards and AC Josephson voltage standards. The development and current progress of quantum voltage is introduced.
Hybrid quantum state engineering in quantum communication and imaging1-2 needs traceable quantum sensing and metrology, which are especially critical to quantum internet3 and precision measurements4 that are important across all fields of science and technology-. We aim to set up a mode of traceable quantum sensing and metrology. We developed a method by specially transforming an atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) into a conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) with a feedback control loop, wherein quantum entanglement enabling higher precision was relied upon a set-point, a visible light laser beam-controlled an interferometer with a surface standard at z axis, diffractometers with lateral standards at x-y axes, four-quadrant photodiode detectors, a scanner and its image software, a phase-locked pre-amplifier, a cantilever with a kHz Pt/Au conducting tip, a double barrier tunneling junction model, a STM circuit by frequency modulation and a quantum electrical triangle principle involving single electron tunneling effect, quantum Hall effect and Josephson effect5. The average and standard deviation result of repeated measurements on a 1 nm height local micro-region of nanomedicine crystal hybrid quantum state engineering surface and its differential pA level current and voltage (dI/dV) in time domains by using C-AFM was converted into an international system of units: Siemens (S), an indicated value 0.86×10-12 S (n=6) of a relative standard uncertainty was superior over a relative standard uncertainty reference value 2.3×10-10 S of 2012 CODADA quantized conductance6. It is concluded that traceable quantum sensing and metrology is emerging.
As thorough readers of this book have begun to discover by this chapter on metrology, the most widely used applications of superconducting electronics involve measurements of electromagnetic phenomena. Unlike most other phenomena used for measurements, superconductivity is also essential for electrical standards. Because it is a quantum phenomenon, it can represent voltage in terms of fundamental constants with an amazing precision of a few parts in 1019. In some regards superconducting voltage standards based on arrays of Josephson junctions are the most successful application of superconductivity, considering the numbers of junctions and their worldwide use. While they are conceptually simple, it has taken almost 50 years for their underlying technology to progress from unreliable single junctions to robust, complex, three-dimensional integrated circuits having more than 300,000 junctions and producing precision ac voltages up to 10 V. Here is their story.
The statistical error is ineluctable in any measurement. Quantum techniques, especially with the development of quantum information, can help us squeeze the statistical error and enhance the precision of measurement. In a quantum system, there are some quantum parameters, such as the quantum state, quantum operator, and quantum dimension, which have no classical counterparts. So quantum metrology deals with not only the traditional parameters, but also the quantum parameters. Quantum metrology includes two important parts: measuring the physical parameters with a precision beating the classical physics limit and measuring the quantum parameters precisely. In this review, we will introduce how quantum characters (e.g., squeezed state and quantum entanglement) yield a higher precision, what the research areas are scientists most interesting in, and what the development status of quantum metrology and its perspectives are.