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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Low Field Zeeman Magnetometry Using Rubidium Absorption Spectroscopy

Nibedita Ram, M. Pattabiraman, Cherianath Vijayan

Published Sep 1, 2007• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on the feasibility of utilizing the field dependence of the Doppler-free unresolved absorption line amplitude of Rubidium vapour for magnetic field measurements for fields below 50 G. The field dependence of the saturation absorption and Doppler broadened fluorescence line amplitudes have been systematically analyzed by computing the hyperfine energy eigenvalues and the transition probability among the Zeeman sublevels.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/80/1/012035

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quant-pharXiv:2601.09115•Jan 15, 2026•0 citations
We report on the feasibility of utilizing the field dependence of the Doppler-free unresolved absorption line amplitude of Rubidium vapour for magnetic field measurements for fields below 50 G. The field dependence of the saturation absorption and Doppler broadened fluorescence line amplitudes have been systematically analyzed by computing the hyperfine energy eigenvalues and the transition probability among the Zeeman sublevels.
Using an external cavity-tuned diode laser in Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy, we are able to resolve the weak-field Zeeman splittings in the hyperfine levels of the rubidium D1 line. The number of lines observed in the Zeeman structure of rubidium and their measured energy-level splittings are as expected from theory. The measured amplitudes of the saturated-absorption signals, crossover resonances, and velocity-selective optical pumping signals are used in the analysis of various theories concerning saturated-absorption spectroscopy.
We use a magnetometer probe based on the Zeeman shift of the rubidium resonant optical transition to explore the atomic magnetic response for a wide range of field values. We record optical spectra for fields from a few tesla up to 60 T, the limit of the coil producing the magnetic field. The atomic absorption is detected by the fluorescence emissions from a very small region with a submillimeter size. We investigate a wide range of magnetic interactions from the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime to the fine one and the transitions between them. The magnetic field measurement is based on the rubidium absorption itself. The rubidium spectroscopic constants were previously measured with high precision, except the excited state Land\'e ggg-factor that we derive from the position of the absorption lines in the transition to the fine Paschen-Back regime. Our spectroscopic investigation, even if limited by the Doppler broadening of the absorption lines, measures the field with a 20 ppm uncertainty at the explored high magnetic fields. Its accuracy is limited to 75 ppm by the excited state Land\'e ggg-factor determination.
Zeeman splitting in the D 2 line of rubidium atoms ( 87 Rb and 85 Rb) has been studied using 'Doppler broadened' as well as 'saturation absorption spectroscopy'. While a linearly polarized beam was used for the former experiment, in the latter case a (π, σ ± ) polarization configuration was employed for both pump and probe beams. Zeeman lines have been observed by applying a field up to 5 mT. The field variation of relative line intensities in Doppler-broadened spectrum was determined following Tremblay et al and Nakayama's four-level model. For the saturation spectrum, a four-level model was used. Because the enhancement of absorption at the field is as low as 1 mT, the F g = 2 to F e = 3 transition for 87 Rb can be used as the reference for laser locking. Level crossing is observed in 85 Rb at fields less than 5 mT.
We report the first use of an extremely thin vapor cell (thickness ~ 400 nm) to study the magnetic-field dependence of laser-induced-fluorescence excitation spectra of alkali atoms. This thin cell allows for sub-Doppler resolution without the complexity of atomic beam or laser cooling techniques. This technique is used to study the laser-induced-fluorescence excitation spectra of Rb in a 50 G magnetic field. At this field strength the electronic angular momentum J and nuclear angular momentum I are only partially decoupled. As a result of the mixing of wavefunctions of different hyperfine states, we observe a nonlinear Zeeman effect for each sublevel, a substantial modification of the transition probabilities between different magnetic sublevels, and the appearance of transitions that are strictly forbidden in the absence of the magnetic field. For the case of right- and left- handed circularly polarized laser excitation, the fluorescence spectra differs qualitatively. Well pronounced magnetic field induced circular dichroism is observed. These observations are explained with a standard approach that describes the partial decoupling of I and J states.
It is experimentally demonstrated that use of an extremely thin cell (ETC) with the thickness of a Rb atomic vapor column of ∼400 nm allows one to resolve a large number of individual transitions between Zeeman sublevels of the D1 line of 87Rb and 85Rb in the sub-Doppler fluorescence excitation spectra in an external magnetic field of ∼200 G. It is revealed that due to the peculiarities of the Zeeman effect for different hyperfine levels of Rb, all allowed transitions between magnetic sublevels can be clearly resolved for 87RbF_g = 1 --> F_e = 1, 2 and F_g = 2 --> F_e = 1, 2 fluorescence excitation. Also, relatively good spectral resolution can be achieved for 85RbF_g = 2 --> F_e = 2, 3 fluorescence excitation. Some partial resolution of transitions between magnetic sublevels is achieved for 85RbF_g = 3 --> F_e = 2, 3 fluorescence excitation. The spectral resolution of individual transitions allows one to easily observe both linear and nonlinear Zeeman effects in the fluorescence excitation spectra obtained with the help of the ETC. In the fluorescence spectra of a cell of usual length there is no evidence of a spectral resolution of individual transitions at B ∼ 200 G. A simple magnetometer based on ETC with Rb with a submicrometer spatial resolution is described.
We present SASHMAG (Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy High-field MAGnetometer), an atomic sensor designed for precision magnetic-field measurements in the intermediate-to-high field regime (>0.2 T>0.2\,\text{T}>0.2T) using Rubidium-87 (87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb). The sensor operates in the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime, where the hyperfine and Zeeman interactions decouple, and utilizes counter-propagating pump-probe configuration in Faraday geometry to resolve isolated, Doppler-free Zeeman transitions. To interpret the resulting spectra in this strongly field-dependent regime, we developed a comprehensive multilevel optical Bloch-equation model solved explicitly in the uncoupled ∣mI,mJ⟩\ket{m_I, m_J}∣mI​,mJ​⟩ basis, capturing state mixing and nonlinear saturation dynamics. This model reproduces measured spectra at sub-Doppler resolution and is consistent with analytical expectations for power broadening and thermal Doppler scaling. Magnetic field estimation is performed using a physics-constrained optimization routine that infers the magnetic field by minimizing the residual between experimentally extracted line centers and calculated transition frequencies from the field-dependent Hamiltonian. We demonstrate magnetic field retrieval from 0.2 T0.2\,\text{T}0.2T to 0.4 T0.4\,\text{T}0.4T with a precision of ±0.0017 T\pm 0.0017 \,\text{T}±0.0017T). Furthermore, the validated simulation establishes a foundation for generating synthetic training datasets, paving the way for autonomous, Machine Learning-enhanced magnetometry in applications ranging from MRI to fusion reactors.