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arXiv:1708.00249 · Physical Review A

Optical spectroscopy of a microsized Rb vapor sample in magnetic fields up to 58 T

D. Ciampini, Rémy Battesti, Carlo Rizzo, E. Arimondo

Published Nov 14, 2017• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We use a magnetometer probe based on the Zeeman shift of the rubidium resonant optical transition to explore the atomic magnetic response for a wide range of field values. We record optical spectra for fields from a few tesla up to 60 T, the limit of the coil producing the magnetic field. The atomic absorption is detected by the fluorescence emissions from a very small region with a submillimeter size. We investigate a wide range of magnetic interactions from the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime to the fine one and the transitions between them. The magnetic field measurement is based on the rubidium absorption itself. The rubidium spectroscopic constants were previously measured with high precision, except the excited state Land\'e $g$-factor that we derive from the position of the absorption lines in the transition to the fine Paschen-Back regime. Our spectroscopic investigation, even if limited by the Doppler broadening of the absorption lines, measures the field with a 20 ppm uncertainty at the explored high magnetic fields. Its accuracy is limited to 75 ppm by the excited state Land\'e $g$-factor determination.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.96.052504

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We use a magnetometer probe based on the Zeeman shift of the rubidium resonant optical transition to explore the atomic magnetic response for a wide range of field values. We record optical spectra for fields from a few tesla up to 60 T, the limit of the coil producing the magnetic field. The atomic absorption is detected by the fluorescence emissions from a very small region with a submillimeter size. We investigate a wide range of magnetic interactions from the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime to the fine one and the transitions between them. The magnetic field measurement is based on the rubidium absorption itself. The rubidium spectroscopic constants were previously measured with high precision, except the excited state Land'e ggg-factor that we derive from the position of the absorption lines in the transition to the fine Paschen-Back regime. Our spectroscopic investigation, even if limited by the Doppler broadening of the absorption lines, measures the field with a 20 ppm uncertainty at the explored high magnetic fields. Its accuracy is limited to 75 ppm by the excited state Land'e ggg-factor determination.
39 K atoms have the smallest ground state ( 2 S 1 / 2 ) hyperfine splitting of all the most naturally abundant alkali isotopes and, consequently, the smallest characteristic magnetic field value B 0 = A 2 S 1 / 2 / μ B ≈ 170 G , where A 2 S 1 / 2 is the ground state’s magnetic dipole interaction constant. In the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime ( B ≫ B 0 , where B is the magnitude of the external magnetic field applied on the atoms), only eight Zeeman transitions are visible in the absorption spectrum of the D 1 line of 39 K , while the probabilities of the remaining 16 Zeeman transitions tend to zero. In the case of 39 K , this behavior is reached already at relatively low magnetic field B > B 0 . For each circular polarization ( σ − , σ + ), four spectrally resolved atomic transitions having sub-Doppler widths are recorded using a sub-microsized vapor cell of thickness L = 120 − 390 n m . We present a method that allows to measure the magnetic field in the range of 0.1 − 10 k G with micrometer spatial resolution, which is relevant in particular for the determination of magnetic fields with large gradients (up to 3 G/µm). The theoretical model describes well the experimental results.
We present investigations of magneto-optical phenomena using a 87^{87}87Rb thermal vapour in large magnetic fields. At this point, in the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime, optical transitions can be separated by more than their Doppler-broadened linewidth, providing a high level of control over the atomic system and a simpler theoretical model for studying atom-light-magnetic field interactions. In this context, we study the spectra of 87^{87}87Rb at magnetic fields of 0.4 0.4~0.4 T and 1.5 1.5~1.5 T in the Voigt geometry. In both cases we find excellent agreement between experimental and theoretical absorption spectra. With the 1.5 1.5~1.5 T field we also study polarisation changes induced in the light by the atoms subject to a large magnetic field. Using this approach, we consider the practical applications of our system as a vector magnetometer. We present a scheme that eliminates most sources of systematic errors in the measurement of the field strength by using pairs of transitions that cancel excited-state terms in the energy shifts. Finally, we extend the concepts and ideas investigated to an application in precision thermometry. We discuss how good understanding of the spectra and the magnetic field strength potentially allow detection of small differences in different spectral features, which could then be traced to the effect of the Boltzmann factor, krmBTk_{\\rm{B}}TkrmB​T, on the atomic populations.
Here we report on measurements of the absolute absorption and dispersion properties of an isotopically pure 87Rb vapour for magnetic fields up to and including 0.6 T. We discuss the various regimes that arise when the hyperfine and Zeeman interactions have different magnitudes, and show that we enter the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime for fields greater than 0.33 T on the Rb D2 line. The experiment uses a compact 1 mm3 microfabricated vapour cell that makes it easy to maintain a uniform and large magnetic field with a small and inexpensive magnet. We find excellent agreement between the experimental results and numerical calculations of the weak probe susceptibility where the line positions and strengths are calculated by matrix diagonalization.
Here we report on measurements of the absolute absorption and dispersion properties of an isotopically pure 87 Rb vapour for magnetic fields up to and including 0.6 T. We discuss the various regimes that arise when the hyperfine and Zeeman interactions have different magnitudes, and show that we enter the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime for fields greater than 0.33 T on the Rb D 2 line. The experiment uses a compact 1 mm 3 microfabricated vapour cell that makes it easy to maintain a uniform and large magnetic field with a small and inexpensive magnet. We find excellent agreement between the experimental results and numerical calculations of the weak probe susceptibility where the line positions and strengths are calculated by matrix diagonalization.
We perform saturated absorption spectroscopy on the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line for room temperature rubidium atoms immersed in magnetic fields within the 0.05--0.13 T range. At those medium-high field values the hyperfine structure in the excited state is broken by the Zeeman effect, while in the ground-state hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts are comparable. The observed spectra are composed by a large number of absorption lines. We identify them as saturated absorptions on two-level systems, on three-level systems in a V\mathsf{V}V configuration, and on four-level systems in an N\mathsf{N}N or double-N\mathsf{N}N configuration where two optical transitions not sharing a common level are coupled by spontaneous emission decays. We analyze the intensity of all those transitions within a unified simple theoretical model. We concentrate our attention on the double-N\mathsf{N}N crossovers signals whose intensity is very large because of the symmetry in the branching ratios of the four levels. We point out that these structures, present in all alkali-metal atoms at medium-high magnetic fields, have interesting properties for electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light applications.
We investigate experimentally and theoretically the Faraday effect in an atomic medium in the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime, where the Zeeman interaction is larger than the hyperfine splitting. We use a small permanent magnet and a micro-fabricated vapour cell, giving magnetic fields of the order of a tesla. We show that for low absorption and small rotation angles, the refractive index is well approximated by the Faraday rotation signal, giving a simple way to measure the atomic refractive index. Fitting to the atomic spectra, we achieve magnetic field sensitivity at the 10 −4 level. Finally we note that the Faraday signal shows zero crossings which can be used as temperature insensitive error signals for laser frequency stabilization at large detuning. The theoretical sensitivity for 87 Rb is found to be ∼40 kHz °C −1 .