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arXiv:2203.11553 · Applied Optics

Wide range linear magnetometer based on a sub-microsized K vapor cell

Marcis P. Auzinsh, Armen D. Sargsyan, A. Tonoyan, Claude Leroy, Rodolphe Momier, David G. Sarkisyan, A. Papoyan

Published Jun 17, 2022• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

39 K atoms have the smallest ground state ( 2 S 1 / 2 ) hyperfine splitting of all the most naturally abundant alkali isotopes and, consequently, the smallest characteristic magnetic field value B 0 = A 2 S 1 / 2 / μ B ≈ 170 G , where A 2 S 1 / 2 is the ground state’s magnetic dipole interaction constant. In the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime ( B ≫ B 0 , where B is the magnitude of the external magnetic field applied on the atoms), only eight Zeeman transitions are visible in the absorption spectrum of the D 1 line of 39 K , while the probabilities of the remaining 16 Zeeman transitions tend to zero. In the case of 39 K , this behavior is reached already at relatively low magnetic field B > B 0 . For each circular polarization ( σ − , σ + ), four spectrally resolved atomic transitions having sub-Doppler widths are recorded using a sub-microsized vapor cell of thickness L = 120 − 390 n m . We present a method that allows to measure the magnetic field in the range of 0.1 − 10 k G with micrometer spatial resolution, which is relevant in particular for the determination of magnetic fields with large gradients (up to 3 G/µm). The theoretical model describes well the experimental results.

DOI
10.1364/ao.459251

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39 K atoms have the smallest ground state ( 2 S 1 / 2 ) hyperfine splitting of all the most naturally abundant alkali isotopes and, consequently, the smallest characteristic magnetic field value B 0 = A 2 S 1 / 2 / μ B ≈ 170 G , where A 2 S 1 / 2 is the ground state’s magnetic dipole interaction constant. In the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime ( B ≫ B 0 , where B is the magnitude of the external magnetic field applied on the atoms), only eight Zeeman transitions are visible in the absorption spectrum of the D 1 line of 39 K , while the probabilities of the remaining 16 Zeeman transitions tend to zero. In the case of 39 K , this behavior is reached already at relatively low magnetic field B > B 0 . For each circular polarization ( σ − , σ + ), four spectrally resolved atomic transitions having sub-Doppler widths are recorded using a sub-microsized vapor cell of thickness L = 120 − 390 n m . We present a method that allows to measure the magnetic field in the range of 0.1 − 10 k G with micrometer spatial resolution, which is relevant in particular for the determination of magnetic fields with large gradients (up to 3 G/µm). The theoretical model describes well the experimental results.
Abstract Atomic transitions of 39K, D2 line are studied in strong longitudinal magnetic fields, up to 1000 G, with a high spectral resolution. The saturated absorption (SA) method was used in a micro-cell filled with K vapors with a thickness of L= 30 µm. A double differentiation of the SA spectrum was carried out, which made it possible to obtain narrow (~50 MHz) atomic lines and study individual transition frequency and probabilistic behavior. Among alkali metals, the K atoms have the smallest hyperfine splitting of the ground levels. This allows one to observe the break of the coupling between the electronic total angular momentum J and nuclear I angular momentums at relatively low magnetic fields B > 300 G. In the case of using circularly polarized radiation (σ+ or σ–), two groups (each consisting of four) equidistantly located total eight atomic transitions are recorded in strong magnetic fields. The experimental results are well described by a known theoretical model.
We use a magnetometer probe based on the Zeeman shift of the rubidium resonant optical transition to explore the atomic magnetic response for a wide range of field values. We record optical spectra for fields from a few tesla up to 60 T, the limit of the coil producing the magnetic field. The atomic absorption is detected by the fluorescence emissions from a very small region with a submillimeter size. We investigate a wide range of magnetic interactions from the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime to the fine one and the transitions between them. The magnetic field measurement is based on the rubidium absorption itself. The rubidium spectroscopic constants were previously measured with high precision, except the excited state Land\'e ggg-factor that we derive from the position of the absorption lines in the transition to the fine Paschen-Back regime. Our spectroscopic investigation, even if limited by the Doppler broadening of the absorption lines, measures the field with a 20 ppm uncertainty at the explored high magnetic fields. Its accuracy is limited to 75 ppm by the excited state Land\'e ggg-factor determination.
Atomic transitions of the 39 K potassium isotope in strong (up to 1 kG) longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields have been studied with a high spectral resolution. It has been shown that crossover resonances are almost absent in the saturated absorption spectrum of potassium vapors in a 30-μm-thick microcell. This, together with the small spectral width of atomic transitions (~30 MHz), allows one to use the saturated absorption spectrum for determining frequencies and probabilities of individual transitions. Among the alkali metals, potassium atoms have the smallest magnitude of the hyperfine splitting of the lower level. This allows one to observe the break of the coupling between the electronic and nuclear angular momentums at comparatively low magnetic fields B > 500 G, i.e., to implement the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime (HPB). In the HPB regime, four equidistantly positioned transitions with the same amplitude are detected in circularly polarized light (σ + ). In linearly polarized light (π) at the transverse orientation of the magnetic field, the spectrum consists of eight lines which are grouped in two groups each of which consists of four lines. Each group has a special distinguished G-transition and the transition that is forbidden in the zero magnetic field. In the HPB regime, the probabilities of transitions in a group and derivatives of their frequency shifts with respect to the magnetic field asymptotically tend to magnitudes that are typical for the aforesaid distinguished G-transition. Some practical applications for the used microcell are mentioned.
Abstract It is demonstrated that the use of a micrometric thin 39 K vapor cell (MTC) and saturated absorption (SA) spectroscopy allows the formation of narrow atomic lines in the transmission spectrum without unwanted cross-over resonances. Another important feature is the small characteristic magnetic field value B 0 = A h f / μ B of 39 K, significantly smaller than for Rb and Cs. As a consequence, decoupling of J and I can be observed at relatively low magnetic fields ∼300 G, which results in the formation of two groups of four spectrally-resolved and equidistantly-positioned atomic transitions having the same amplitude (each group corresponds to a given circular polarization σ ± ) which we record using a simple experimental setup with a linearly polarized tunable diode-laser and a longitudinal magnetic field obtained with two permanent magnets. Fabrication of a MTC is much easier than the fabrication of the 39 K nanocells used in our previous works. A simple method to determine the magnitude of a wide range of B -fields with a spatial resolution of 30 µ m is presented, which is intrinsically calibrated and does not require a frequency reference.
An extremely thin cell with a wedge gap was developed that makes it possible to form a column of Rb atom vapor with thickness in the range from 100 to 600 nm. It is experimentally shown that the use of this cell, along with commercially available diode lasers, allows one to spectrally resolve individual transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of the hyperfine structure of the 87Rb D 1 line (transitions F g =1, 2→F e =1, 2) in the resonance fluorescence spectrum in the presence of an external magnetic field (B≈200 G). This makes it possible to realize systems consisting of nondegenerate atomic levels. For comparison, it is shown that transitions between the Zeeman sublevels in the fluorescence spectrum obtained with the aid of a conventional cell (1–10 cm long) in an external magnetic field with B∼200 G remain completely masked by the Doppler-broadened profile. The results obtained can be used for the creation of a simple magnetometer based on an extremely thin cell with Rb vapor for the measurement of magnetic fields with a submicron local spatial resolution.
The selective reflection of laser radiation from the interface between a dielectric window and the atomic vapors confined in a nanocell of thickness L ≈ 350 nm is used to develop effective Doppler-broadening- free spectroscopy of potassium atoms. A small atomic line width and a relation between the signal intensity and the transition probability allowed us to resolve four lines of atomic transitions responsible for the D1 lines of the 39K and 41K isotopes. Two groups containing four atomic transitions form in an applied magnetic field upon pumping by radiation with circular polarization σ+ or σ–. Different intensities (probabilities) of transitions for the σ+ and σ– excitations are detected in magnetic field B0 ≈ A hfs /μB ≈ 165 G (A hfs is the magnetic dipole constant for the ground state and μB is the Bohr magneton). A substantially different situation is observed at B ≫ B0, since high symmetry appears for the two groups formed by radiation with circular polarization σ+ or σ–. Each group is the mirror image of the other group with respect to the frequency of the 42S1/2–42P1/2 transition, which additionally proves the occurrence of the complete Paschen–Back regime of the hyperfine structure at B ≈ 2.5 kG. A developed theoretical model well reproduces the experimental results. Possible practical applications are described. The results obtained can also be applied to the D1 lines of 87Rb and 23Na.