Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Optics Letters

Photoionization hole burning and nonlinear Zeeman effect in CaF_2:Sm^2+

R. M. Macfarlane, Robert M. Shelby

Published Dec 1, 1984• 66 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Persistent spectral hole burning has been observed in CaF(2):Sm(2+) and originates from photoionization of the Sm(2+) ion. This represents a new class of persistent hole-burning materials. We have used hole burning to measure the nonlinear Zeeman effect of the (7)F(0)A(1g) ? A(1u) transition at 695.8 nm with a resolution of ~100 MHz. We find a nonlinear coefficient of 0.93 Hz/G(2), which is close to the value of 1.0 Hz/G(2) calculated for the (7)F(0)-(7)F(1) interaction. This shows that the dominant contribution to the nonlinear Zeeman effect comes from the ground state.

DOI
10.1364/ol.9.000533

Related papers

Room-temperature persistent spectral hole burning in Sm^2+-doped fluoride glasses

Atusi Kurita, TETSURO IZUMITANI, Michimasa Matsukawa +1 more

Persistent spectral hole burning is observed in Sm(2+)-doped glasses at room temperature. The holes are burned in the (7)F(0) ? (5)D(0), (5)D(1) lines of the Sm(2+) ions in three kinds of fluoride glass. The dependence of the burning efficiency on the sample and on the burning intensity is measured. The intensity dependence is approximately linear, and no antihole is observed around the burned hole. The hole-burning mechanism is discussed. The temperature dependence of the homogeneous width is also measured.

Optics Letters•Mar 1, 1994•125 citations

Measurement of nuclear and electronic Zeeman effects using optical hole-burning spectroscopy

R. M. Macfarlane, Robert M. Shelby

The excited-state nuclear Zeeman effect and quadratic-electronic Zeeman effect were studied in Pr(3+):LaF(3) using laser-induced hole burning. Hole burning in an external magnetic field gave values for the excited-state enhanced nuclear g tensor of g(x)beta/h = 2.2, g(y)beta/h = 1.9, and g(z)beta/h = 3.6 kHz/G. By applying the field after hole burning, quadratic-electronic Zeeman coefficients as small as 0.1 Hz/G(2) were measured. The hyperfine coupling constant in the excited (1)D(2) level was found to be A(J) = 600 MHz.

Optics Letters•Feb 1, 1981•42 citations

Studies of persistent spectral hole burning in the CaF/sub 2/:Sm/sup 2+/ system

W. Beck, Vladimir Fedorov, D. Ricard +1 more

Summary form only given. Using persistent spectral hole burning, rare-earth ions doped in crystalline or glassy matrices may prove useful in optical data storage. In the case of Sm/sup 2+/, persistent spectral hole burning is due to photoionization: the Sm/sup 2+/ is oxidized to form Sm/sup 3+/, and the ejected electron is trapped in the matrix. For applications, it is important to understand the trapping mechanism, to identify the nature of the traps, and to see whether they are stable at room temperature.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Nov 27, 2002•0 citations

Room-temperature persistent spectral hole burning in Sm-doped KLaF4 crystals

Nobuhiro Kodama, Tomoko Takahashi, Kazuyuki Hirao

Persistent spectral hole burning is observed at room temperature in the excitation spectrum for the F07→D05 transition of Sm2+ in KLaF4 single crystals. The hole width and depth are about 10 cm−1 and 18% of the total intensity, respectively. It is concluded that the dominant burning mechanism in this crystal is a photoionization of electron trapping at a site other than Sm3+ ions because of the absence of an antihole around the burned hole.

Applied Physics Letters•Mar 30, 1998•7 citations

Electronic Zeeman and Stark spectroscopy of BaClF: Sm2+ using photon-gated hole burning

R. M. Macfarlane, Robert M. Shelby, Albrecht Winnacker

The recently demonstrated process of photon-gated spectral hole burning has been used to measure the small frequency shifts necessary for the determination of linear Stark and nonlinear Zeeman coefficients of the 4${f}^{6}$ ${}^{7}$${F}_{0}$${A}_{1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${}^{5}$${D}_{0}$${A}_{1}$, $^{5}\mathrm{D}_{1}$${\mathrm{A}}_{2}$, and $^{5}\mathrm{D}_{1}$E transitions of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ in BaClF. The nonlinear Zeeman coefficients obtained in this way agree, to better than 12%, with those calculated assuming free-ion 4${f}^{6}$ wave functions for ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$. The Stark splitting coefficients (0.068--0.074 MHz/V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) are smaller than the few previously reported for ${f}^{n}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${f}^{n}$ transitions of rare-earth ions.

Physical review. B, Condensed matter•Mar 15, 1986•26 citations

THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE 7F0↔5D0 TRANSITION OF BaClF : Sm2+ USING PHOTON-GATED HOLEBURNING

R. M. Macfarlane, Robert M. Shelby, Albrecht Winnacker

A new mechanism of spectral holeburning by 2-step photoionization ("photon-gated" holeburning) has recently been demonstrated. In BaClF : Sm2+, this leads to permanent spectral holes 25 MHz wide which we have used to measure small linear Stark and nonlinear Zeeman coefficients of the 7F0↔5D0 transition of Sm2+. The Zeeman coefficients agree within 4% with those calculated assuming free ion 4f6 wave functions for 7F0 and 5D0.

Le Journal de Physique Colloques•Oct 1, 1985•0 citations
Persistent spectral hole burning has been observed in CaF(2):Sm(2+) and originates from photoionization of the Sm(2+) ion. This represents a new class of persistent hole-burning materials. We have used hole burning to measure the nonlinear Zeeman effect of the (7)F(0)A(1g) ? A(1u) transition at 695.8 nm with a resolution of ~100 MHz. We find a nonlinear coefficient of 0.93 Hz/G(2), which is close to the value of 1.0 Hz/G(2) calculated for the (7)F(0)-(7)F(1) interaction. This shows that the dominant contribution to the nonlinear Zeeman effect comes from the ground state.
Persistent spectral hole burning is observed in Sm(2+)-doped glasses at room temperature. The holes are burned in the (7)F(0) ? (5)D(0), (5)D(1) lines of the Sm(2+) ions in three kinds of fluoride glass. The dependence of the burning efficiency on the sample and on the burning intensity is measured. The intensity dependence is approximately linear, and no antihole is observed around the burned hole. The hole-burning mechanism is discussed. The temperature dependence of the homogeneous width is also measured.
The excited-state nuclear Zeeman effect and quadratic-electronic Zeeman effect were studied in Pr(3+):LaF(3) using laser-induced hole burning. Hole burning in an external magnetic field gave values for the excited-state enhanced nuclear g tensor of g(x)beta/h = 2.2, g(y)beta/h = 1.9, and g(z)beta/h = 3.6 kHz/G. By applying the field after hole burning, quadratic-electronic Zeeman coefficients as small as 0.1 Hz/G(2) were measured. The hyperfine coupling constant in the excited (1)D(2) level was found to be A(J) = 600 MHz.
Summary form only given. Using persistent spectral hole burning, rare-earth ions doped in crystalline or glassy matrices may prove useful in optical data storage. In the case of Sm/sup 2+/, persistent spectral hole burning is due to photoionization: the Sm/sup 2+/ is oxidized to form Sm/sup 3+/, and the ejected electron is trapped in the matrix. For applications, it is important to understand the trapping mechanism, to identify the nature of the traps, and to see whether they are stable at room temperature.
The recently demonstrated process of photon-gated spectral hole burning has been used to measure the small frequency shifts necessary for the determination of linear Stark and nonlinear Zeeman coefficients of the 4f6{f}^{6}f6 7{}^{7}7F0{F}_{0}F0​A1{A}_{1}A1​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{}^{5}5D0{D}_{0}D0​A1{A}_{1}A1​, 5D1^{5}\mathrm{D}_{1}5D1​A2{\mathrm{A}}_{2}A2​, and 5D1^{5}\mathrm{D}_{1}5D1​E transitions of Sm2+{\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}Sm2+ in BaClF. The nonlinear Zeeman coefficients obtained in this way agree, to better than 12%, with those calculated assuming free-ion 4f6{f}^{6}f6 wave functions for Sm2+{\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}Sm2+. The Stark splitting coefficients (0.068--0.074 MHz/V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) are smaller than the few previously reported for fn{f}^{n}fn\ensuremath{\rightarrow}fn{f}^{n}fn transitions of rare-earth ions.