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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Signal resolution of RSFQ comparators

Timur V. Filippov, Y.A. Polyakov, Vasili K. Semenov, K. K. Likharev

Published Jun 1, 1995• 73 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have designed and tested a Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) circuit for experimental measurement of the fluctuation-induced threshold uncertainty of switching of SFQ comparators, which are essential components of RSFQ logic devices, analog-to-digital converters, and digital SQUIDs. Statistical density of the switching events in comparators using externally-overdamped Nb-trilayer Josephson junctions has been found to be in agreement with the distribution which follows from a simple theory based on a time-dependent harmonic-oscillator model of the device. Width of the distribution (i.e, the single-shot current resolution of the comparator) measured as a function of temperature in the range 1.7-4.2 K corresponds to fundamental (thermal/quantum) fluctuations, with no evidence of excess noise sources.>

DOI
10.1109/77.403031

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•Jul 13, 2005•0 citations
We have designed and tested a Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) circuit for experimental measurement of the fluctuation-induced threshold uncertainty of switching of SFQ comparators, which are essential components of RSFQ logic devices, analog-to-digital converters, and digital SQUIDs. Statistical density of the switching events in comparators using externally-overdamped Nb-trilayer Josephson junctions has been found to be in agreement with the distribution which follows from a simple theory based on a time-dependent harmonic-oscillator model of the device. Width of the distribution (i.e, the single-shot current resolution of the comparator) measured as a function of temperature in the range 1.7-4.2 K corresponds to fundamental (thermal/quantum) fluctuations, with no evidence of excess noise sources.>
The use of high-T/sub c/ Josephson junctions for digital applications requires a careful study of the influence of thermal noise on circuit performance. We investigated a balanced current comparator, which contains a basic component of all RSFQ circuits: two overdamped Josephson junctions connected in series. The dependence of the dc-voltage across the Josephson junctions on signal current was measured to determine the threshold uncertainty of switching of the comparator. The experimental data obtained at different sampling pulse frequencies, in a temperature range from 10 to 50 K, were compared with a theoretical model, taking into account the influence of thermal noise as well as of sampling pulse frequency.
Several novel circuits of the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) family of Josephson-junction digital devices have been designed, fabricated using a 2.5- mu m 1000-A/cm/sup 2/ Nb trilayer technology, and tested at low frequencies. Numerical simulation and measurements have shown that these circuits have considerably wider parameter margins, due to application of several novel design methods. The authors have also carried out an experiment to measure the rate of errors in a simple RSFQ circuit including an inverter, confluence buffer, and Josephson transmission line. Near the middle of the parameter window at 4.2 K, the error probability was definitely lower than 3*10/sup -15/ per logic operation, despite experimentation with rudimentary shielding and filtering.>
A new generation of the Josephson digital circuits-rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) devices-based on overdamped externally shunted high quality Nb-AlO x -Nb tunnel junctions have been designed, fabricated and experimentally investigated. All-refractory material 11-layer 5 mu m integrated technology has been successfully employed for the preparation of the RSFQ microcircuits. The T flip-flop has been demonstrated to operate properly up to clock frequencies of 100 GHz at 25% margins. The proper operation of the buffer stage for a one-directional SFQ pulse transmission at clock frequencies up to 125 GHz has been achieved. The possibilities to convert the information from the usual DC form to SFQ and vice versa have been demonstrated. An output signal in an SFQ/DC converter as high as 220 mu V has been measured. A new counter type A/D converter which includes a comparator and reversible binary counter with DC outputs has been fabricated and tested. The proposed ADC seems to be very promising for high-accuracy measurement of medium-bandwidth signals. The possibilities of creating a number of SFQ devices with outstanding parameters are discussed.
We describe the design of an oversampling single-flux-counting analog-to-digital converter with the estimated bandwidth of a few tens of MHz, based on Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) devices. It consists of an input analog circuit, high-speed quantizer with an original analog/digital negative feedback loop, decimation (comb) filter, and supporting subsystems including clock distribution circuits, quantization signal conditioner, and output drivers. We have applied a new approach, the 'symmetrizing' negative feedback, to free the quantizer from the intrinsic hysteresis without dynamic range sacrifice. The 16-bit version of the system comprises about 1,500 Josephson junctions and consumes 1.2 mW of DC power, when implemented using Nb-trilayer technology with 1 kA/cm/sup 2/, 3.5 /spl mu/m Josephson junctions. All subsystems of the converter have been successfully tested and testing of the system as a whole is in progress.>
Successful utilization of the quasi one-junction SQUID (QOS) as a signal comparator for analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) has been demonstrated by several groups, This idea is extended to show how similar comparators can be integrated into an all rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) digital architecture. Comparators are interrogated by SFQ sampling pulses and in turn give output according to the RSFQ convention. One- and two-bit ADC's have been simulated, fabricated and tested at low speed. Total performance of these devices is estimated within the framework of a multiple bit parallel flash ADC architecture.>
Superconductive microwave rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) digital circuits offer the possibility to digitally process signals in the frequency range of tens of GHz. An example of application to bring the advantages of this technology deals with digital SQUIDs, used for sensitive magnetometry with a broadband dynamics connected to a slew-rate in the GHz range. First recently obtained results of digital SQUID operation, based on Nb/Al-Al2O3/Nb shunted Josephson junctions, are presented in this article. In order to obtain the best performance of RSFQ circuits, and especially to push their speed at its limits, a precise diagnostic of such circuits is needed. We are developing a time-resolved diagnostic system based on sensitive photoconductive switches to sample the weak signals coming out of RSFQ circuits at cryogenic temperature. This system includes two different sorts of opto-RSFQ interfaces, based on superconducting and semiconducting materials, respectively. Some simulation results in the microwave range, along with measurements giving the potentialities of different photoswitches are presented.