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Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)

The orientation dependence of the SHF radio-optical resonance frequency light shift in rubidium vapors

Alexey Baranov, Ермак Сергей Викторович, V. V. Semenov

Published May 1, 2011• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The results of the theoretical and experimental research of the light and orientation frequency shift effects in laboratory scheme of the87Rb cell frequency standard are provided. The real orientation frequency shift importance is shown.
DOI
10.1109/fcs.2011.5977289

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The paper presents the measurements results of the orientational light shift of the radio-optical 0-0 resonance frequency in the rubidium vapor with isotopic pumping. The experiments were done on a laboratory quantum discriminator, the functional diagram of which contained a known element set for rubidium frequency standard on a gas cell. The discriminator was placed in the three identical pairs of Helmholtz coils, 50 cm in diameter, which created a working magnetic field (10 μT, 3 μT, and 1 μT) in the area of the gas cell. Helmholtz coils were connected to alternating voltage sources to create a rotating magnetic field relative to the normal to the direction of the pumping light. To weaken external magnetic noise and inhomogeneities of the laboratory magnetic field, the entire system was placed in a magnetic shield with a screening factor of ~ 103, which practically made it possible to exclude the effect of the residual field on the measurements accuracy. The main experimental results are formulated as follows: the orientational frequency shift of the 0-0 radio-optical resonance does not depend on the magnitude of the working magnetic field and is linearly related to the pumping light intensity; when the working magnetic field is oriented normal to the quantum discriminator optical axis, the tensor and scalar components of the light shift have equal (positive) signs, which at any temperature of the filter-cell leads to their impossible compensation; when the working magnetic field is oriented along the quantum discriminator optical axis, the tensor and scalar components of the light shift have opposite signs, which at the corresponding temperature of the filter-cell leads to their possible (partial) compensation.
The orientational frequency shift of the UHF radio-optical resonance in the 87 Rb vapor with a selective optical pumping by laser and lamp sources is studied experimentally and theoretically. A leading role of the tensor component of the light shift is noticed for both excitation modes, and a modulation technique of the resonance frequency orientation shift suppression is demonstrated. We show that it is necessary to ensure a constancy of the angle between the pump light direction and the external magnetic field vector when using a rubidium quantum discriminator based on moving and rotating carriers.
One of the important subjects in coherent-population- trapping-based (CPT-based) vapor cell frequency standards is the light shift (ac Stark shift). We calculate the light shift using a numerical method and perturbation approximation. Experimentally, we measure light shift using a pair of phase-locked diode lasers as well as a frequency-modulated diode laser. There is good agreement between theory and experiment. A method of controlling light shift in CPT-based frequency standards is proposed and implemented in Agilent Laboratories. The short-term stability of our CPT-based rubidium vapor cell frequency standard is measured as 1.3 x 10(-12) tau (-1/2), which is limited by the phase noise of the reference local oscillator used.
We report on experimental and theoretical investigations of the polarization dependence of magnetic resonance generated by synchronous optical pumping. Magnetic resonances with narrow linewidth are generated experimentally using a rubidium vapor cell with octadecyltrichlorosilane antirelaxation coating on inner walls. We studied the effect of light ellipticity on the amplitudes and widths of magnetic resonances by matching the light modulation frequency with $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ (alignment) and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ (orientation) in a Bell-Bloom interaction geometry, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ corresponds to the Larmor frequency. Both $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes showed a strong dependence on the light ellipticity. In addition, we showed that the duty cycle of light modulation changes the slope of amplitude variations in $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonances with light ellipticity. As a potential application, we showed that the difference between $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes can be used for in situ measurement of light ellipticity. We also studied the dependence of $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes on the polarization angle of linearly polarized light. These amplitudes oscillate periodically with the polarization angle. We found this oscillatory behavior to be sensitive to the tilt in magnetic field direction from the polarization plane. Such a property could be used to realize a vector magnetometer. A density matrix based theoretical model is developed to simulate the magnetic resonance spectrum for different light polarizations. Our theoretical model accurately reproduces the above-mentioned experimental observations.
The /sup 87/Rb cell frequency standard, optically pumped by a laser diode, is of great interest in the development of high short-term stability oscillators. We report experiments performed on a rubidium cell prototype aiming at evaluate the transfer of the laser noise to the hyperfine clock transition via the light shift effect, which appears to be the main contribution to the observed short term frequency stability in this kind of standard. Pulsed optical pumping will also be examined in order to strongly reduce the light shift effect and to achieve the theoretical limit never approached up to now despite the strong detected microwave signals.
In this work, the influence of the operating magnetic field gradient on the frequency of the 0-0-transition of a lamp-pumped rubidium atomic clock was investigated. As a gas cell, we used a cell with an antirelaxation coating of the walls and containing Rb87 atoms. Experimental dependences of the atomic clock model resonance frequency on the applied magnetic field gradient in the range of 0.003 Oe / cm - 0.012 Oe / cm and in the magnetic fields range of 0.0135 Oe - 0.027 Oe were obtained. The orientation 0-0-resonance frequency shift having value more than value of the frequency shift due to the quadratic magnetic dependence of the 0-0-resonance frequency was measured.