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International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech)

The Influence of the Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity on the Orientational Light Frequency Shift in Rubidium Clock

Ермак Сергей Викторович, V. V. Semenov

Published Oct 14, 2021• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this work, the influence of the operating magnetic field gradient on the frequency of the 0-0-transition of a lamp-pumped rubidium atomic clock was investigated. As a gas cell, we used a cell with an antirelaxation coating of the walls and containing Rb87 atoms. Experimental dependences of the atomic clock model resonance frequency on the applied magnetic field gradient in the range of 0.003 Oe / cm - 0.012 Oe / cm and in the magnetic fields range of 0.0135 Oe - 0.027 Oe were obtained. The orientation 0-0-resonance frequency shift having value more than value of the frequency shift due to the quadratic magnetic dependence of the 0-0-resonance frequency was measured.

DOI
10.1109/eexpolytech53083.2021.9614780

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In this work, the influence of the operating magnetic field gradient on the frequency of the 0-0-transition of a lamp-pumped rubidium atomic clock was investigated. As a gas cell, we used a cell with an antirelaxation coating of the walls and containing Rb87 atoms. Experimental dependences of the atomic clock model resonance frequency on the applied magnetic field gradient in the range of 0.003 Oe / cm - 0.012 Oe / cm and in the magnetic fields range of 0.0135 Oe - 0.027 Oe were obtained. The orientation 0-0-resonance frequency shift having value more than value of the frequency shift due to the quadratic magnetic dependence of the 0-0-resonance frequency was measured.
The paper presents the measurements results of the orientational light shift of the radio-optical 0-0 resonance frequency in the rubidium vapor with isotopic pumping. The experiments were done on a laboratory quantum discriminator, the functional diagram of which contained a known element set for rubidium frequency standard on a gas cell. The discriminator was placed in the three identical pairs of Helmholtz coils, 50 cm in diameter, which created a working magnetic field (10 μT, 3 μT, and 1 μT) in the area of the gas cell. Helmholtz coils were connected to alternating voltage sources to create a rotating magnetic field relative to the normal to the direction of the pumping light. To weaken external magnetic noise and inhomogeneities of the laboratory magnetic field, the entire system was placed in a magnetic shield with a screening factor of ~ 103, which practically made it possible to exclude the effect of the residual field on the measurements accuracy. The main experimental results are formulated as follows: the orientational frequency shift of the 0-0 radio-optical resonance does not depend on the magnitude of the working magnetic field and is linearly related to the pumping light intensity; when the working magnetic field is oriented normal to the quantum discriminator optical axis, the tensor and scalar components of the light shift have equal (positive) signs, which at any temperature of the filter-cell leads to their impossible compensation; when the working magnetic field is oriented along the quantum discriminator optical axis, the tensor and scalar components of the light shift have opposite signs, which at the corresponding temperature of the filter-cell leads to their possible (partial) compensation.
In this work, a sensitivity of the rate of relaxation of ground-state atomic coherences to magnetic-field inhomogeneities is studied. Such coherences give rise to many interesting phenomena in light-atom interactions, and their lifetimes are a limiting factor for achieving better sensitivity, resolution, or contrast in many applications. For atoms contained in a vapor cell, some of the coherence-relaxation mechanisms are related to magnetic-field inhomogeneities. We present a simple model describing relaxation due to such inhomogeneities in a buffer-gas-free antirelaxation-coated cell. A relation is given between relaxation rate and magnetic-field inhomogeneities including the dependence on cell size and atomic species. Experimental results, which confirm predictions of the model, are presented. Different regimes, in which the relaxation rate is equally sensitive to the gradients in any direction and in which it is insensitive to gradients transverse to the bias magnetic field, are predicted and demonstrated experimentally.
We report on experimental and theoretical investigations of the polarization dependence of magnetic resonance generated by synchronous optical pumping. Magnetic resonances with narrow linewidth are generated experimentally using a rubidium vapor cell with octadecyltrichlorosilane antirelaxation coating on inner walls. We studied the effect of light ellipticity on the amplitudes and widths of magnetic resonances by matching the light modulation frequency with $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ (alignment) and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ (orientation) in a Bell-Bloom interaction geometry, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ corresponds to the Larmor frequency. Both $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes showed a strong dependence on the light ellipticity. In addition, we showed that the duty cycle of light modulation changes the slope of amplitude variations in $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonances with light ellipticity. As a potential application, we showed that the difference between $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes can be used for in situ measurement of light ellipticity. We also studied the dependence of $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes on the polarization angle of linearly polarized light. These amplitudes oscillate periodically with the polarization angle. We found this oscillatory behavior to be sensitive to the tilt in magnetic field direction from the polarization plane. Such a property could be used to realize a vector magnetometer. A density matrix based theoretical model is developed to simulate the magnetic resonance spectrum for different light polarizations. Our theoretical model accurately reproduces the above-mentioned experimental observations.
In this paper, we present our studies on double resonance using atomic 87Rb in a wall-coated cell, in view of applications in a laser-pumped Rb atomic frequency standard. We study the systematic clock frequency shifts in a wall-coated cell, such as light shift, microwave power shift [11, 12] and shift due to cell temperature [13] (for the cell body, and for the Rb reservoir, also called the cell stem). We also report on our clock stability measurement using the wallcoated cell in DR scheme, and discuss the influence of the shift parameters first on the frequency stability of the clock.
Atomic spin polarization of alkali atoms in the ground-state can survive thousands of collisions with paraffin-coated cell walls. The resulting long spin-relaxation times achieved in evacuated, paraffin-coated cells enable precise measurement of atomic spin precession and energy shifts of ground-state Zeeman sublevels. In the present work, nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light (FM NMOR) is used to measure magnetic field-induced spin precession for rubidium atoms contained in a paraffin-coated cell. The magnetometric sensitivity of FM NMOR for the rubidium D2 line is studied as a function of light power, detuning, frequency-modulation amplitude, and rubidium vapor density. For a 5-cm-diameter cell at temperature T≈35 °C, the optimal shot-noise-projected magnetometric sensitivity is found to be 2×10−11 G/Hz (corresponding to a sensitivity to spin precession frequency of ≈10 μHz/Hz or a sensitivity to Zeeman sublevel shifts of ≈4×10−20 eV/Hz).
The orientational frequency shift of the UHF radio-optical resonance in the 87 Rb vapor with a selective optical pumping by laser and lamp sources is studied experimentally and theoretically. A leading role of the tensor component of the light shift is noticed for both excitation modes, and a modulation technique of the resonance frequency orientation shift suppression is demonstrated. We show that it is necessary to ensure a constancy of the angle between the pump light direction and the external magnetic field vector when using a rubidium quantum discriminator based on moving and rotating carriers.