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Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings)

Quantum evaporation: An optical transposition

C. Hirlimann, B. Thomas

Published Jun 1, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

\nThis work shows experimental evidence for a new quantum evaporation effect theoretically discovered by Bardou and Boosdt. In this effect the tunnelling probability of a particle through a barrier strongly increases when a small momentum is transferred to the particle during its reflection on the barrier. In our experiment we studied the induced tunnelling of a short optical pulse on a Newton-type optical barrier.\n

DOI
10.1051/jp4:20020121

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Waveguides: Basic Equations...............................................................................................312 13.3 Coherent Destruction of Optical Tunneling ..........................................................................314 13.4 Optical Analog of Field-Induced Barrier Transparency........................................................316 13.5 Coherent Photonic Tunneling by Adiabatic Passage.............................................................319 13.6 Photonic Tunneling in Optical Lattices: Optical Analog of the Quantum Zeno Effect ....................................................................................325 13.7 Photonic Landau-Zener Tunneling .......................................................................................331 13.8 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................333 References......................................................................................................................................334 Tunneling is a universal phenomenon to wave physics which arises when an evanescent field transfers energy through a barrier to a region where a propagating wave is allowed. Tunneling phenomena have been predicted and observed in countless quantum and classical physical systems. In particular, optical (or photonic) tunneling usually refers to light propagation across forbidden photonic barriers, such as in photonic band gap structures or undersized waveguides, as well as to evanescent field coupling among waveguides or resonators or to light passage via evanescent coupling in frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). The first observation of FTIR and of photonic tunneling date back to three centuries ago, when Newton reported on light transmission through a gap between prisms. Nowadays, FTIR at plane interfaces is generally viewed as an optical analog of quantum mechanical tunneling across a one-dimensional potential barrier [1]. Optical tunneling across photonic barriers, realized by for example, FTIR or photonic band gaps, has attracted a great deal of attention in the past two decades as an experimentally accessible system with which to measure tunneling times [2-7]. FTIR has been also exploited to study wave packet reshaping [8] and to provide an optical realization of curious quantum-mechanical effects such as quantum evaporation [9]. Similarly, photonic tunneling in spherical dielectric media has been proposed as an optical analog of nuclear decay arising form particle escape from a three-dimensional potential well [10]. In deformed dielectric microcavities, chaos-assisted tunneling phenomena have been investigated as well [11-14]. A different optical system that provides an experimentally accessible laboratory tool to visualize and control photonic tunneling, which is at the focus of this chapter, is represented

CRC Press eBooks•Mar 9, 2011•1 citation
\nThis work shows experimental evidence for a new quantum evaporation effect theoretically discovered by Bardou and Boosdt. In this effect the tunnelling probability of a particle through a barrier strongly increases when a small momentum is transferred to the particle during its reflection on the barrier. In our experiment we studied the induced tunnelling of a short optical pulse on a Newton-type optical barrier.\n
François Bardou and Dominique Boosé recently published1 their discovery of a new induced tunnel effect, they named quantum evaporation. In this work they showed that, for a one-dimensional electron reflecting on an energy barrier, the stationary character of its eigen-functions could be broken under special conditions. If a small momentum is transferred to the electron at the time it reflects on the barrier, its wave-function is projected on the complete set of its stationary eigen-functions. A small momentum means that the energy transfer that accompanies the momentum transfer is negligible compared to the barrier height or at least that it does not allow for a jump of the particle above the barrier. The tunnelling probability of the electron is strongly enhanced by the momentum perturbation because the weight of the eigen-states with energies above the barrier becomes preponderant in the calculation of the tunnelling probability. This probability enhancement is independent on the sign of the momentum transfer: the electron can be pushed toward or pull out of the barrier; it only depends on the momentum amplitude in a quadratic way. The authors have showed that the momentum transfer is equivalent to a kinetic translation of the barrier.
This paper focuses on the quantum tunneling effect, which describes how a particle may penetrate barriers or obstructions using the Schrödinger equation. If a particle makes a barrier tunneling, it means that a particle with low energy goes through the barrier whose energy level is much higher. It is a basis or background for the entire theory of this part. The particle transport probability is explained using both single- and multi-barrier system models. The paper studies the relationship between barrier parameters and particle transmission probability for both single- and multiple-barrier system models.The aim of the study is the provision of the theoretical devices and algorithms via a quantum operational efficiency.Particularly, the paper deals with the multipath barrier tunneling effect, and it connects the transmission coefficients with the system parameters. The goal of this article is to come up with the new strategies and procedures that one can use the quantum phenomenon of the tunneling effect in the contemporary physical th applications, cutting the gap between theoretical physics and technology.This will be done by studying and analyzing theoretical processes and mathematics of this phenomenon along with the technological applications it has.
We are in the process of building an experiment to study the tunneling of laser-cooled Rubidium atoms through an optical barrier. A particularly thorny set of questions arises when one considers the possibility of observing a tunneling particle while it is in the ``forbidden'' region. In earlier work, we have discussed how one might probe a tunneling atom ``weakly,'' so as to prevent collapse. Here we make some observations about the implications of a more traditional quantum measurement. Considerations of energy conservation suggest that attempts to observe tunneling atoms will enhance inelastic scattering, but not in a way which can be directly observed. It is possible that attempts to make such measurements may lead to experimentally realizable ``observationally assisted barrier penetration.''
Waveguides: Basic Equations...............................................................................................312 13.3 Coherent Destruction of Optical Tunneling ..........................................................................314 13.4 Optical Analog of Field-Induced Barrier Transparency........................................................316 13.5 Coherent Photonic Tunneling by Adiabatic Passage.............................................................319 13.6 Photonic Tunneling in Optical Lattices: Optical Analog of the Quantum Zeno Effect ....................................................................................325 13.7 Photonic Landau-Zener Tunneling .......................................................................................331 13.8 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................333 References......................................................................................................................................334 Tunneling is a universal phenomenon to wave physics which arises when an evanescent field transfers energy through a barrier to a region where a propagating wave is allowed. Tunneling phenomena have been predicted and observed in countless quantum and classical physical systems. In particular, optical (or photonic) tunneling usually refers to light propagation across forbidden photonic barriers, such as in photonic band gap structures or undersized waveguides, as well as to evanescent field coupling among waveguides or resonators or to light passage via evanescent coupling in frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). The first observation of FTIR and of photonic tunneling date back to three centuries ago, when Newton reported on light transmission through a gap between prisms. Nowadays, FTIR at plane interfaces is generally viewed as an optical analog of quantum mechanical tunneling across a one-dimensional potential barrier [1]. Optical tunneling across photonic barriers, realized by for example, FTIR or photonic band gaps, has attracted a great deal of attention in the past two decades as an experimentally accessible system with which to measure tunneling times [2-7]. FTIR has been also exploited to study wave packet reshaping [8] and to provide an optical realization of curious quantum-mechanical effects such as quantum evaporation [9]. Similarly, photonic tunneling in spherical dielectric media has been proposed as an optical analog of nuclear decay arising form particle escape from a three-dimensional potential well [10]. In deformed dielectric microcavities, chaos-assisted tunneling phenomena have been investigated as well [11-14]. A different optical system that provides an experimentally accessible laboratory tool to visualize and control photonic tunneling, which is at the focus of this chapter, is represented