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IBM Journal of Research and Development

An Overview of Josephson Packaging

A.V. Brown

Published Mar 1, 1980• 35 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An overall packaging philosophy for high-speed Josephson computers is outlined in this paper. The unique characteristics of such a package, operating a liquid helium temperature, are described, and a description is given of the technologies needed to build the package.
DOI
10.1147/rd.242.0167

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We demonstrate a packaging system/test probe suitable for testing complex, large scale superconducting integrated circuits with thousands of Josephson junctions. The cryopackage is designed to work with a 1 cm superconducting die, with liquid He immersion cooling using a standard storage dewar. The package has 80 high-speed input-output lines (DC to 20 GHz) which connect the chip to room temperature electronics. The tip of the cryopackage, containing the chip, is shielded from the ambient magnetic field with two mumetal cylinders and contains a built-in coil, which provides in-situ degaussing of the inner shield. To clear flux trapped in the chip being tested, the probe contains a novel gas manifold and a system of heaters. During the defluxing operation, a heater evaporates liquid helium inside the chip enclosure, the expanding vapor purging the liquid from the sample cell and warming the chip above its transition temperature. Once the chip is defluxed, the liquid helium is allowed back into the cell, at a rate slow enough to avoid trapping flux in the chip while it is cooled. The process can be automated and does not require any movement of the probe once inserted in the dewar.
Low energy dissipation and ability to operate at low temperatures provide for Josephson junction circuits a niche as a support for low temperature devices. With high speed operation (Chen W. et al., 1999) capability the Josephson junction circuits make a prime candidate for applications which are difficult to engineer with existing CMOS technology. The development of Josephson junction technology took a major turn for the better with the invention of the Rapid-Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) devices (Likharev K.K. et al., 1991), an improvement over voltage biased Josephson Junctions logic which were plagued with the junction switching and reset problems. The modern applications of SFQ circuits extend to a larger range of temperature operation and the applications vary from low temperature magnetic sensor, to high speed mixed signal circuits, voltage and current standards (Turner C.W. et al., 1998), and auxiliary components for quantum computing circuits. Most of the SFQ circuits are fabricated with Niobium, but Aluminum based circuits are being used for quantum gates (Nielsen M.A. et al., 2000) and qubit operations. SFQ circuits based on Magnesium di-Boride junctions are being developed for higher temperature operations (Tahara S. et al., 2004). Predominantly most of the Josephson junction circuits today are operated at around 4K. All the circuits are optimized usually for liquid helium temperatures, so the circuits operated in helium bath Dewars or cryostat's do not experience any temperature gradients or drift effects which can affect the operating margins. With the improvement in the fabrication technology and soft-wares for SFQ circuit technology, the designing complex circuits have become easier. Complex Circuits with over 20K junctions such digital synthesizer and digital RF Trans-receiver have already been demonstrated (Oleg M.A. et al., 2011). Development of circuits over 100K junctions are actively under progress. However, with enormously large circuits, power requirements also increase. Looking at the range of applications and complexity of the problems of energy minimization, we try to look at the problem in two approaches. One for large complex circuits, we try to reduce the power bias itself, or the overall load of current that is supplied
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are nanodevices usually made from thin niobium nitride (NbN) films. Operated at liquid helium temperature, they can exhibit high detection efficiency with low dark-counts associated with a fast response time and a low timing jitter. Covering a broad detection range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared, SNSPDs are a very attractive alternative to silicon or gallium arsenide based semiconductor detectors for fiber based telecommunication when single-photon sensitivity and high counting rates are necessary. \nEfficient packaging and fiber coupling of a SNSPD is in itself a real challenge and is often a limiting factor in reaching high system quantum efficiency. Our approach makes use of a controlled expansion alloy which has been adequately heat treated to enhance its characteristics for cryogenic operation. This insures the integrity of the optical coupling at cryogenic temperatures while done at room temperature. It also provides a good attenuation for electromagnetic interference due to the high relative permeability of the nickel-iron alloy. The small form factor of this pigtailed optical fiber package makes it versatile and could be easily integrated with a commercial cryogen-free system or simply dipped into a standard helium transport Dewar. We report on our theoretical and experimental methodology to evaluate the optical coupling quality and present the optoelectronic characterization of two devices packaged in this way. Electrical simulation is studied to understand the speed limitation factor inherent to these devices and preliminary speed and jitter measurements are reported.