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Science

Unconditional Quantum Teleportation

Akira Furusawa, Jens Lykke Sørensen, Samuel L. Braunstein, Christopher A. Fuchs, Harry J. Kimble, Eugene Simon Polzik

Published Oct 23, 1998• 3,003 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum teleportation of optical coherent states was demonstrated experimentally using squeezed-state entanglement. The quantum nature of the achieved teleportation was verified by the experimentally determined fidelity Fexp = 0.58 +/- 0.02, which describes the match between input and output states. A fidelity greater than 0.5 is not possible for coherent states without the use of entanglement. This is the first realization of unconditional quantum teleportation where every state entering the device is actually teleported.

DOI
10.1126/science.282.5389.706

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Quantum teleportation of optical coherent states was demonstrated experimentally using squeezed-state entanglement. The quantum nature of the achieved teleportation was verified by the experimentally determined fidelity Fexp = 0.58 +/- 0.02, which describes the match between input and output states. A fidelity greater than 0.5 is not possible for coherent states without the use of entanglement. This is the first realization of unconditional quantum teleportation where every state entering the device is actually teleported.
We experimentally demonstrate quantum teleportation for continuous variables using squeezed-state entanglement. The teleportation fidelity for a real experimental system is calculated explicitly, including relevant imperfection factors such as propagation losses, detection inefficiencies, and phase fluctuations. The inferred fidelity for input coherent states is $F=0.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02,$ which when corrected for the efficiency of detection by the output observer, gives a fidelity of 0.62.0.62.0.62. By contrast, the projected result based on the independently measured entanglement and efficiencies is 0.69.0.69.0.69. The teleportation protocol is explained in detail, including a discussion on discrepancy between experiment and theory, as well as on the limitations of the current apparatus.
We demonstrate an unconditional high-fidelity teleporter capable of preserving the broadband entanglement in an optical squeezed state. In particular, we teleport a squeezed state of light and observe -0.8+/-0.2 dB of squeezing in the teleported (output) state. We show that the squeezing criterion translates directly into a sufficient criterion for entanglement of the upper and lower sidebands of the optical field. Thus, this result demonstrates the first unconditional teleportation of broadband entanglement. Our teleporter achieves sufficiently high fidelity to allow the teleportation to be cascaded, enabling, in principle, the construction of deterministic non-Gaussian operations.
We experimentally demonstrate quantum teleportation for continuous variables by using squeezed-state entanglement. A fidelity expression for a real experimental system is presented, where all the imperfection factors are considered, including losses and phase fluctuations. The measured fidelity for input coherent states is 0.62 and the prospective result with our measured entanglement and efficiencies is 0.69. We will show the details of the quantum teleportation for continuous variable and discuss the problems for further improvement in this experiment.
We derive an experimentally testable criterion for the teleportation of quantum states of continuous variables. This criterion is especially relevant to the recent experiment of Furusawa et al. [Science 282, 706-709 (1998)] where an input-output fidelity of 0.58pm0.020.58 \\pm 0.020.58pm0.02 was achieved for optical coherent states. Our derivation demonstrates that fidelities greater than 1/2 could not have been achieved through the use of a classical channel alone; quantum entanglement was a crucial ingredient in the experiment.