Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:quant-ph/9910030 · Journal of Modern Optics

Criteria for continuous-variable quantum teleportation

Samuel L. Braunstein, Christopher A. Fuchs, H. J. Kimble

Published Feb 1, 2000• 188 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We derive an experimentally testable criterion for the teleportation of quantum states of continuous variables. This criterion is especially relevant to the recent experiment of Furusawa et al. where an input—output fidelity of 0.58 ± 0.02 was achieved for optical coherent stages. Our derivation demonstrates that fidelities greater than 1/2 could not have been achieved through the use of a classical channel alone; quantum entanglement was a crucial ingredient in the experiment.

DOI
10.1080/09500340008244041

Related papers

Criteria for continuous-variable quantum teleportation

Samuel L. Braunstein, Christopher A. Fuchs, Harry J. Kimble

We derive an experimentally testable criterion for the teleportation of quantum states of continuous variables. This criterion is especially relevant to the recent experiment of Furusawa et al. where an input—output fidelity of 0.58 ± 0.02 was achieved for optical coherent stages. Our derivation demonstrates that fidelities greater than 1/2 could not have been achieved through the use of a classical channel alone; quantum entanglement was a crucial ingredient in the experiment.

Journal of Modern Optics•Feb 15, 2000•44 citations

Criteria for Continuous-Variable Quantum Teleportation

Braunstein, S L, Christopher A. Fuchs, Kimble, H J

We derive an experimentally testable criterion for the teleportation of quantum states of continuous variables. This criterion is especially relevant to the recent experiment of Furusawa et al. [Science 282, 706-709 (1998)] where an input-output fidelity of $0.58 \\pm 0.02$ was achieved for optical coherent states. Our derivation demonstrates that fidelities greater than 1/2 could not have been achieved through the use of a classical channel alone; quantum entanglement was a crucial ingredient in the experiment.

•Oct 8, 1999•114 citations

Characterizing teleportation in optics

Timothy C. Ralph, P K Lam, R E S Polkinghorne

We discuss the characterization of continuous variable, optical quantum teleportation in terms of the two quadrature signal transfer and conditional variances between the input and output states. We derive criteria which clearly define the classical limits and highlight interesting operating points which are not obvious from a calculation of the fidelity of the teleportation alone. 1.

•Jan 1, 1999•20 citations

Characterizing teleportation in optics

Timothy C. Ralph, Ping Koy Lam, Rodney Polkinghorne

We discuss the characterization of continuous variable, optical quantum teleportation in terms of the two-quadrature signal transfer and conditional variances between the input and output states. We derive criteria which clearly define the classical limits and highlight interesting operating points which are not obvious from a calculation of the fidelity of the teleportation alone.

arXiv:quant-ph/9903003•Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics•Aug 1, 1999•33 citations

Quantum versus classical domains for teleportation with continuous variables

Samuel L. Braunstein, Christopher A. Fuchs, Harry J. Kimble +1 more

By considering the utilization of a classical channel without quantum entanglement, fidelity ${F}_{\mathrm{classical}}=\frac{1}{2}$ has been established as setting the boundary between classical and quantum domains in the teleportation of coherent states of the electromagnetic field [S. L. Braunstein, C. A. Fuchs, and H. J. Kimble, J. Mod. Opt. $47,$ 267 (2000)]. We further examine the quantum-classical boundary by investigating questions of entanglement and Bell-inequality violations for the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states relevant to continuous variable teleportation. The threshold fidelity for employing entanglement as a quantum resource in teleportation of coherent states is again found to be ${F}_{\mathrm{classical}}=\frac{1}{2}.$ Likewise, violations of local realism onset at this same threshold, with the added requirement of overall efficiency $\ensuremath{\eta}>\frac{2}{3}$ in the unconditional case. By contrast, recently proposed criteria adapted from the literature on quantum-nondemolition detection are shown to be largely unrelated to the questions of entanglement and Bell-inequality violations.

arXiv:quant-ph/0012001•Physical Review A•Jul 18, 2001•136 citations

Quantum teleportation of light beams

Ting Zhang, Kok Win Goh, C. W. Chou +2 more

We experimentally demonstrate quantum teleportation for continuous variables using squeezed-state entanglement. The teleportation fidelity for a real experimental system is calculated explicitly, including relevant imperfection factors such as propagation losses, detection inefficiencies, and phase fluctuations. The inferred fidelity for input coherent states is $F=0.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02,$ which when corrected for the efficiency of detection by the output observer, gives a fidelity of $0.62.$ By contrast, the projected result based on the independently measured entanglement and efficiencies is $0.69.$ The teleportation protocol is explained in detail, including a discussion on discrepancy between experiment and theory, as well as on the limitations of the current apparatus.

arXiv:quant-ph/0207076•Physical Review A•Mar 11, 2003•254 citations
We derive an experimentally testable criterion for the teleportation of quantum states of continuous variables. This criterion is especially relevant to the recent experiment of Furusawa et al. where an input—output fidelity of 0.58 ± 0.02 was achieved for optical coherent stages. Our derivation demonstrates that fidelities greater than 1/2 could not have been achieved through the use of a classical channel alone; quantum entanglement was a crucial ingredient in the experiment.
We derive an experimentally testable criterion for the teleportation of quantum states of continuous variables. This criterion is especially relevant to the recent experiment of Furusawa et al. [Science 282, 706-709 (1998)] where an input-output fidelity of 0.58pm0.020.58 \\pm 0.020.58pm0.02 was achieved for optical coherent states. Our derivation demonstrates that fidelities greater than 1/2 could not have been achieved through the use of a classical channel alone; quantum entanglement was a crucial ingredient in the experiment.
By considering the utilization of a classical channel without quantum entanglement, fidelity Fclassical=12{F}_{\mathrm{classical}}=\frac{1}{2}Fclassical​=21​ has been established as setting the boundary between classical and quantum domains in the teleportation of coherent states of the electromagnetic field [S. L. Braunstein, C. A. Fuchs, and H. J. Kimble, J. Mod. Opt. 47,47,47, 267 (2000)]. We further examine the quantum-classical boundary by investigating questions of entanglement and Bell-inequality violations for the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states relevant to continuous variable teleportation. The threshold fidelity for employing entanglement as a quantum resource in teleportation of coherent states is again found to be Fclassical=12.{F}_{\mathrm{classical}}=\frac{1}{2}.Fclassical​=21​. Likewise, violations of local realism onset at this same threshold, with the added requirement of overall efficiency $\ensuremath{\eta}>\frac{2}{3}$ in the unconditional case. By contrast, recently proposed criteria adapted from the literature on quantum-nondemolition detection are shown to be largely unrelated to the questions of entanglement and Bell-inequality violations.
We experimentally demonstrate quantum teleportation for continuous variables using squeezed-state entanglement. The teleportation fidelity for a real experimental system is calculated explicitly, including relevant imperfection factors such as propagation losses, detection inefficiencies, and phase fluctuations. The inferred fidelity for input coherent states is $F=0.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02,$ which when corrected for the efficiency of detection by the output observer, gives a fidelity of 0.62.0.62.0.62. By contrast, the projected result based on the independently measured entanglement and efficiencies is 0.69.0.69.0.69. The teleportation protocol is explained in detail, including a discussion on discrepancy between experiment and theory, as well as on the limitations of the current apparatus.