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Physical Review Letters

Conversion of Poisson Photons into Sub-Poisson Photons by the Action of Electron Feedback

Federico Capasso, Malvin Carl Teich

Published Sep 22, 1986• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Poisson photons may be converted into sub-Poisson (amplitude-squeezed) photons by the action of an electron current configured in an external feedback loop. The generation mechanism involves single-photon transitions so that the source can be made arbitrarily sub-Poissonian. Non-linear optics is not invoked. A useful configuration involves a photon emitter illuminating a detector-source combination in a closed-loop system. Two solid-state implementations of the detector-source combination are suggested.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.57.1417

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Poisson photons may be converted into sub-Poisson (amplitude-squeezed) photons by the action of an electron current configured in an external feedback loop. The generation mechanism involves single-photon transitions so that the source can be made arbitrarily sub-Poissonian. Non-linear optics is not invoked. A useful configuration involves a photon emitter illuminating a detector-source combination in a closed-loop system. Two solid-state implementations of the detector-source combination are suggested.
Poisson photons may be converted into sub-Poisson photons by the action of an electron current configured in an external feedback loop. The generation mechanism involves single-photon transitions so that the source can be made arbitrarily sub-Poisson. Unlike previous schemes, nonlinear optics is not invoked. A useful configuration involves a photon emitter illuminating a detector/ source combination in a closed-loop system. Two solid-state implementations of the detector/source are suggested. One makes use of electronic dipole transitions between the energy levels of a quantum-well heterostructure; the other operates by electrons impact-exciting electroluminescent centers.
Sub-Poissonian photoelectron statistics have been produced by using the detection of down-converted photons in a trigger channel, having an electronic dead time, fed back to gate conjugate photoelectrons in a signal channel. With suitable choice of gate width and dead time a second factorial moment of the photo-electron count distribution as low as 0.4 has been achieved with considerable improvements in signal variance over equivalent Poisson sources. Suitable modification of the apparatus to produce sub-Poissonian photons rather than photoelectrons is described.
Numerous schemes have been recently suggested for generating photon-number-squeezed light. In one class of technique, initially Poisson photons are modified (using methods such as deadtime deletion, decimation, coincidence decimation, and overflow count deletion) to yield sub-Poisson photons. In another class, feedback is applied (e.g., by control of the rate of generation of photoevents) so that the resultant point process is self-exciting instead of Poisson. Are such light sources useful for optical communication? Can the channel capacity C of a lightwave communication system based on photoevent point process observations be increased by use of photon-number-squeezed light?
Intensity squeezed light was successfully generated using semiconductor lasers with sub-Poissonian pumping. Control of the pumping statistics is crucial and is achieved by a large series resistor which regulates the pump current; its sub-Poissonian statistics are then transferred to the laser output. The sub-Poissonian pumping of other laser systems is not so simple, however, and their potential as squeezed states sources is apparently diminished. We consider a conventional laser incoherently pumped well above threshold, and allow for pump depletion of the ground state. In this regime, sub-Poissonian photon statistics and squeezed amplitude fluctuations are produced.
The usual open-loop quantum and semiclassical theories of light detection are extended to include closed-loop operation in which there is feedback from the detector to the source. It is shown that the unmistakable signatures of nonclassical light associated with open-loop detection, such as sub-shot-noise spectra and sub-Poisson photo-counts, do not carry over to closed-loopsystems. This behavior is illustrated through quantitatively indistinguishable quantum and semiclassical analyses of two recent closed-loop experiments in which sub-Poisson photocount statistics were produced. It turns out that if the open-loop illumination does not require the use of quantum photodetection theory, then neither does the closed-loop illumination. Conversely, if the open-loop illumination is nonclassical, then the closed-loop behavior must be analyzed quantum mechanically. The use of nonclassical field correlations to obtain light beams that give sub-Poisson open-loop photocounts from these closed-loop arrangements is discussed and generalized into a synthesis procedure for producing light beams with arbitrary open-loop photocount statistics.