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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Information capacity of photon-number-squeezed light

Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich

Published Jan 1, 1987• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Numerous schemes have been recently suggested for generating photon-number-squeezed light. In one class of technique, initially Poisson photons are modified (using methods such as deadtime deletion, decimation, coincidence decimation, and overflow count deletion) to yield sub-Poisson photons. In another class, feedback is applied (e.g., by control of the rate of generation of photoevents) so that the resultant point process is self-exciting instead of Poisson. Are such light sources useful for optical communication? Can the channel capacity C of a lightwave communication system based on photoevent point process observations be increased by use of photon-number-squeezed light?

DOI
10.1364/oam.1987.me7

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Numerous schemes have been recently suggested for generating photon-number-squeezed light. In one class of technique, initially Poisson photons are modified (using methods such as deadtime deletion, decimation, coincidence decimation, and overflow count deletion) to yield sub-Poisson photons. In another class, feedback is applied (e.g., by control of the rate of generation of photoevents) so that the resultant point process is self-exciting instead of Poisson. Are such light sources useful for optical communication? Can the channel capacity C of a lightwave communication system based on photoevent point process observations be increased by use of photon-number-squeezed light?
Several methods have been proposed for the generation of photon-number-squeezed (sub-Poisson) light by imparting to the photon stream and anticorrelation that regularizes the times of arrival of the photons. This is accomplished by means of control of the excitation or emission process or by feedback, using a copy of the photon point processes when the emissions occur in parts. Possible advantages of communication by photon-number-squeezed light are discussed. For receivers in which the photon arrival times are observed, the channel capacity cannot be improved by modifying an initially Poisson photon stream and making it sub-Poisson. For photon-counting receivers, however, improvement of the channel capacity is possible. The bit-error-rate of an on-off keying communication system using sub-Poisson photons created by introducing anticorrelation into an initially Poisson beam may or may not be smaller than the error rates of the Poisson channel, depending on where the maximum power constraint is placed.>
The channel capacity C of a light-wave communication system based on photoevent point process observations cannot be increased by use of photon-number--squeezed light. Under a constraint of maximum photon rate ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{max}}$, the channel capacity C=${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{max}/\mathrm{e}}$ is achieved with a Poisson process. On the other hand, the channel capacity of a communication system based on photon counting can be increased by use of photon-number--squeezed light. The improvement vanishes in the limit of very small mean counts.
The generation of nonclassical light has recently received a great deal of attention because three forms of it have now been observed in the laboratory: antibunched light, photon-number-squeezed (or sub-Poisson) light, and quadrature-squeezed light. These characteristics may, but need not, accompany each other in any given light source. Nonclassical light has been produced in experiments using resonance fluorescence, the Franck-Hertz effect, parametric interact ions, and semiconductor light sources. It is likely to be useful in providing new insights in various physical and biological processes, and in applications such as lightwave communications. Some of the characteristics, methods of generation, and expected uses of squeezed light will be addressed.
Coherent lightwave communications systems are approaching a limit where the error rates and channel capacities are limited by the quantum properties of light. This is often referred to as the shot-noise limit. If ideal laser light is used in the system, there is no way to avoid this limit. However, new states of the light field called squeezed states have recently been developed that allow an improvement in error rates below the shot-noise limit. Squeezed light concepts and recent experiments are reviewed with emphasis on aspects important to coherent communications. It is shown that channel capacity can be improved using squeezed light by only a factor of two. Larger improvements are in principle possible for error rates, e.g. a factor of three reduction in the number of required photons per bit for a 10/sup -9/ bit error rate. An example of a recent high-performance system is described where optical losses and electronic noise reduce the improvement expected using squeezed light to the 10-20% level. It is concluded that squeezed light only offers significant improvement in bit error rates for very-high-efficiency systems.>
As a direct result of the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation, all forms of light exhibit inherent and unavoidable random fluctuations. Because these fluctuations reveal information about the nature of light and the underlying processes that generate it, they have received considerable attention since the time of Einstein. But they are also a source of noise that limits the accuracy with which information can be transmitted by a beam of light. Although experiments often still struggle with instrumental noise, some are quickly approaching the measurement limits set by the quantum-statistical nature of light. With the help of new techniques to “squeeze” the uncertainty of light, researchers can now conduct experiments with greater precision than possible with laser light. The generation of various forms of squeezed light in recent years has raised hopes for its application to such diverse areas as gravity-wave detection based on optical interferometry and reduced-error lightwave communications.