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Squeezed Light

Malvin Carl Teich

Published Jan 1, 1988• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The generation of nonclassical light has recently received a great deal of attention because three forms of it have now been observed in the laboratory: antibunched light, photon-number-squeezed (or sub-Poisson) light, and quadrature-squeezed light. These characteristics may, but need not, accompany each other in any given light source. Nonclassical light has been produced in experiments using resonance fluorescence, the Franck-Hertz effect, parametric interact ions, and semiconductor light sources. It is likely to be useful in providing new insights in various physical and biological processes, and in applications such as lightwave communications. Some of the characteristics, methods of generation, and expected uses of squeezed light will be addressed.

DOI
10.1364/pcta.1988.dsopp202

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The generation of nonclassical light has recently received a great deal of attention because three forms of it have now been observed in the laboratory: antibunched light, photon-number-squeezed (or sub-Poisson) light, and quadrature-squeezed light. These characteristics may, but need not, accompany each other in any given light source. Nonclassical light has been produced in experiments using resonance fluorescence, the Franck-Hertz effect, parametric interact ions, and semiconductor light sources. It is likely to be useful in providing new insights in various physical and biological processes, and in applications such as lightwave communications. Some of the characteristics, methods of generation, and expected uses of squeezed light will be addressed.
As a direct result of the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation, all forms of light exhibit inherent and unavoidable random fluctuations. Because these fluctuations reveal information about the nature of light and the underlying processes that generate it, they have received considerable attention since the time of Einstein. But they are also a source of noise that limits the accuracy with which information can be transmitted by a beam of light. Although experiments often still struggle with instrumental noise, some are quickly approaching the measurement limits set by the quantum-statistical nature of light. With the help of new techniques to “squeeze” the uncertainty of light, researchers can now conduct experiments with greater precision than possible with laser light. The generation of various forms of squeezed light in recent years has raised hopes for its application to such diverse areas as gravity-wave detection based on optical interferometry and reduced-error lightwave communications.
The statistical fluctuations of light can, under certain circumstances, exhibit a number of interesting nonclassical features. These include photon antibunching, sub-Poissonian statistics, and squeezing, all of which exist only in a quantum field. The three effects are distinct, and do not necessarily go together, although the first two are sometimes mistakenly treated as interchangeable. Both photon antibunching and sub-Poissonian statistics have been observed in experiments on resonance fluorescence from single atoms, which is described. Squeezing has not yet been seen experimentally, although many nonlinear processes are expected to give rise to it. The squeezed state can be recognized in heterodyne or homodyne experiments, where the squeezing becomes manifest as sub-Poissonian photon fluctuations.
Numerous schemes have been recently suggested for generating photon-number-squeezed light. In one class of technique, initially Poisson photons are modified (using methods such as deadtime deletion, decimation, coincidence decimation, and overflow count deletion) to yield sub-Poisson photons. In another class, feedback is applied (e.g., by control of the rate of generation of photoevents) so that the resultant point process is self-exciting instead of Poisson. Are such light sources useful for optical communication? Can the channel capacity C of a lightwave communication system based on photoevent point process observations be increased by use of photon-number-squeezed light?
Electromagnetic fields, with the noise on one quadrature component reduced to below the quantum mechanical zero-point fluctuation level and the noise on the other quadrature component enhanced to above it, are currently of great interest in quantum optics because of their potential applications to various precision measurements. Such squeezed states of light are usually produced by imposing nonlinear unitary evolution on coherent (or vacuum) states. On the other hand, squeezed states with reduced photon number noise and enhanced phase noise are generated directly by a constant current-driven semiconductor laser. This is the simplest scheme for the generation of nonclassical light, and so far it has yielded the largest quantum noise reduction. The mutual coupling between a lasing junction and an external electrical circuit provides opportunities for exploring the macroscopic and microscopic quantum effects in open systems.