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IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

Orthogonal DPSK/CSK Modulation and Public-Key Cryptography-Based Secure Optical Communication

Bo Dai, Zhensen Gao, Naoya Wada, Xu Wang

Published Aug 26, 2013• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this letter, the information security of an optical code-based communication system employing orthogonal differential phase-shift keying (DPSK)/code-shift keying (CSK) modulation is first investigated using two eaves dropping methods, one-bit delay interference detection and differential detection. The investigation results show that the security vulnerability exists only in the CSK channel while the DPSK channel can thwart these attacks. Therefore, the concept of public-key cryptography is introduced into the system to efficiently use these two orthogonal channels for both public key distribution and encrypted data transmission. The privacy of the transmitted data can be double guaranteed by public-key cryptography scheme logically and optical code-processing techniques physically.

DOI
10.1109/lpt.2013.2279407

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In this letter, the information security of an optical code-based communication system employing orthogonal differential phase-shift keying (DPSK)/code-shift keying (CSK) modulation is first investigated using two eaves dropping methods, one-bit delay interference detection and differential detection. The investigation results show that the security vulnerability exists only in the CSK channel while the DPSK channel can thwart these attacks. Therefore, the concept of public-key cryptography is introduced into the system to efficiently use these two orthogonal channels for both public key distribution and encrypted data transmission. The privacy of the transmitted data can be double guaranteed by public-key cryptography scheme logically and optical code-processing techniques physically.
We experimentally demonstrate the security vulnerability in the temporal phase coding single-user differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) and code-shift keying (CSK) OCDMA systems with a DPSK demodulator. In the experiment, we build up the 2.5Gbit/s DPSK- and CSK-OCDMA systems. In the systems, we use two 31-chip 640 Gchip/s superstructured fiber Bragg grating encoders for the signal encoding. In the receiving side, we remove the decoders and utilize the DPSK demodulator to detect the encoded signals directly. We successfully achieve the error-free BER performance and obtaine the clear open eye diagrams using the detection without the proper decoding. It indicates the existence of the eavesdropping vulnerability in the both systems. Furthermore, we also discuss the principle of DPSK demodulation attack.
We experimentally demonstrate the security vulnerability in the temporal phase coding single-user differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) and code-shift keying (CSK) OCDMA systems with a DPSK demodulator. In the experiment, we build up the 2.5Gbit/s DPSK- and CSK-OCDMA systems. In the systems, we use two 31-chip 640 Gchip/s superstructured fiber Bragg grating encoders for the signal encoding. In the receiving side, we remove the decoders and utilize the DPSK demodulator to detect the encoded signals directly. We successfully achieve the error-free BER performance and obtaine the clear open eye diagrams using the detection without the proper decoding. It indicates the existence of the eavesdropping vulnerability in the both systems. Furthermore, we also discuss the principle of DPSK demodulation attack.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a time-domain bit-by-bit code-shifting scheme that can rapidly program ultralong, code-length variable optical code by using only a dispersive element and a high-speed phase modulator for improving information security. The proposed scheme operates in the bit overlap regime and could eliminate the vulnerability of extracting the code by analyzing the fine structure of the time-domain spectral phase encoded signal. It is also intrinsically immune to eavesdropping via conventional power detection and differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) demodulation attacks. With this scheme, 10 Gbits/s of return-to-zero-DPSK data secured by bit-by-bit code shifting using up to 1024 chip optical code patterns have been transmitted over 49 km error free. The proposed scheme exhibits the potential for high-data-rate secure optical communication and to realize even one time pad.
In this conference, we demonstrate a new communication system exhibiting a double security level. Information coding is based on differential phase shift keying of the light emitted from a highly coherent CW source. An imbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer whose time delay matches the bit duration is used to decode the data. Since the optical power is constant in the transmission link, security levels comparable with those obtained in coherence modulation may be achieved. To further enhance the security, a low coherent source is used to send false data down the transmission link. The discrimination between real and false signal is based on common mode rejection. A study of the signal to noise ratio achieved with this system is also discussed in this manuscript.
We propose and demonstrate a novel bit-by-bit code scrambling technique based on time domain spectral phase encoding/decoding (SPE/SPD) scheme using only a single phase modulator to simultaneously generate and decode the code hopping sequence and DPSK data for secure optical communication application. In the experiment, 2.5-Gb/s DPSK data has been generated, decoded and securely transmitted over 34 km by scrambling five 8-chip, 20-Gchip/s Gold codes with prime-hop patterns. The proposed scheme can rapidly reconfigure the optical code hopping sequence bit-by-bit with the DPSK data, and thus it is very robust to conventional data rate energy detection and DPSK demodulation attack, exhibiting the potential to provide unconditional transmission security and realize even one-time pad.