Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review A

Resonant peak in the output spectral profile of an ionic anti-Stokes Raman laser

Sergei A Babin, Sergey I. Kablukov, S. Khorev, Evgeniy V. Podivilov, Vladimir V. Potapov, David A. Shapiro, М. Г. Степанов

Published May 8, 2001• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Continuous-wave generation of the anti-Stokes Raman laser is demonstrated in the new $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ scheme $\mathrm{Ar}$ II ${3d}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{G}_{9/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4p}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{F}_{7/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4s}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{D}_{5/2}$ with quasimetastable initial and final levels. Red pump radiation with wavelength ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p}=611 \mathrm{nm}$ from a dye laser that excites transition ${3d}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{G}_{9/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4p}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{F}_{7/2}$ is converted into the blue radiation at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=461 \mathrm{nm}$ ${(4p}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{F}_{7/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4s}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{D}_{5/2})$ with efficiency of about $30%.$ The tunability range spans more than 20 GHz around exact resonance, which is five times broader than the Doppler contour. The output frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is found to depend linearly on the frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ of the pump field: $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\simeq}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p}/\ensuremath{\lambda}.$ A sharp peak of output power is observed in the spectral profile at the exact resonance instead of the well-known two-photon dip. The model is proposed that includes ionic scattering in plasma and interaction of the running pump and standing output waves. The theory offers an interpretation of the observed peak.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.63.063804

Related papers

Resonant peak in detuning curve of ionic anti-Stokes Raman laser

Sergey A. Babin, Sergey I. Kablukov, S. Khorev +4 more

Summary form only given. A CW anti-Stokes Raman laser (ASRL) in ionic system enables up-conversion of high efficiency and large frequency shift. In a /spl Lambda/-system, the pump radiation of frequency /spl omega//sub p/ is converted into a Raman laser output of frequency /spl omega/ in the process of resonant interaction with ionic levels. Various schemes in ArII system with a metastable start level n and a short-lived final level l have been studied previously . Here we report on realization of ASRL in ArII system with long-lived final level 4s'/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ having a lifetime comparable with that for start metastable level 3d'/sup 2/G/sub 9/2/.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Aug 29, 2005•0 citations

Giant Coulomb broadening and Raman lasing in ionic transitions

A. A. Apolonsky, Sergey A. Babin, Alexander I. Chernykh +4 more

Continuous-wave generation of an anti-Stokes Raman laser on a number of blue-green argon-ion lines (4p-4s and 4p-3d) has been demonstrated with optical pumping from metastable levels ${3\mathrm{d}}^{|\mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}2}$G and ${3\mathrm{d}}^{4}$F. It is found that the population transfer rate is increased by a factor of 3--5 (and hence the output power of the Raman laser) owing to Coulomb diffusion in the velocity space. The excitation and relaxation rates for the metastable level have been measured. The Bennett hole on the metastable level has been recorded using the probe field technique. It has been shown that Coulomb diffusion changes the shape of the contour to an exponential cusplike profile. Its width exceeds the Lorentzian one by 100 times and is close to the Doppler width. Such a giant broadening is also confirmed by the shape of the absorption saturation curve.

arXiv:atom-ph/9603006•Physical Review A•Jan 1, 1997•8 citations

Raman processes

Bruce W. Shore

The traditional Raman process alluded to in Chap. 13 is a three-state sequence of transitions in which radiative excitation (induced by a pump field) is followed by spontaneous emission that produces a final state differing from the initial state [Her50b] [Sho90, § 17.5]. When the final state of the sequence is more energetic than the initial state the resulting emission line (to the red of the pump wavelength) is known as a Stokes spectral line. The difference between the pump frequency and the Stokes frequency, the Raman frequency , defines the excitation energy of the final state relative to the initial state. When, instead, the final state has lower energy than the initial state, as can occur when the initial quantum state is already excited, then the emission is an anti-Stokes line, at a bluer wavelength than the pump field. The overall Raman scattering is a two-photon process. Typically Raman spectroscopy deals with molecules; the two-photon transitions are then between vibrational-rotational states, through electronically excited intermediate states, that are characterized in part by vibrational quantum number v and rotational angular momentum quantum numbers J, M . From any given excited electronic state there are many fluorescing transitions, corresponding to various vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the final state. The wavelengths of the various Stokes and anti-Stokes lines (i.e. the Raman frequencies) characterize the particular molecular species, and so they have provided a valuable diagnostic tool for spectroscopists.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Sep 29, 2011•0 citations

Anti-Stokes Raman laser investigations

B. Wellegehausen, Klaus Ludewigt, H. Welling

The anti-Stokes Raman laser process is an interesting method for frequency upconversion and generation of tunable UV radiation. This method requires no index matching and allows high-conversion efficiencies and output energies and large frequency shifts in a single step. A basic requirement is a population inversion between a metastable level and a suitable lower-lying level. So far anti- Stokes laser emission has been demonstrated using the metastable TI (6P3/2). l(5P1/2). and Br (4P1/2) levels, where a population inversion with respect to the corresponding atomic ground states has been generated by photodissociation of suitable compounds.1-3 For the Tl system efficiencies of 10 % and output energies of ~1 mJ (at 377 nm) have been reported,1 and with Br a shortest wavelength of 149 nm was possible by upconversion of 157.5-nm radiation of a F2 laser.3

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 1984•0 citations

Theory of the Stimulated Raman and Related Effects

A. David Buckingham

A simple description of the stimulated Raman emission of Stokes radiation, and of the induced absorption found by Stoicheff at the anti-Stokes frequency, is based on the semiclassical theory of radiation. This theory gives the well-known formulas for absorption and stimulated emission when carried to the first order in the time-dependent perturbation due to the interaction of the light beam with the molecules. If there are two light beams of frequencies ωL and ω, the second-order perturbation may be associated with stimulated emission at the Stokes frequency ω=ω−1=ωL—ωR and with induced absorption at the anti-Stokes frequency ω=ω1=ωL+ωR, where ωL is the laser frequency and ωR a Raman-active vibrational frequency; in both cases, there is a molecular transition to the excited vibrational state. The highly directional and very sharp anti-Stokes emission at ω1 arises from the conversion by molecules in intense beams at ωL and ω−1 of two ωL photons into an ω−1, ω1 pair. Like spontaneous emission from excited states, the production of this anti-Stokes radiation requires the full quantum theory of radiation for an adequate description. The emission of ω1 and the observed directional absorption of ω−1 due to the reverse conversion ω−1+ω1→2ωL are explained. The anti-Stokes emission is proportional to the Stokes intensity and to the square of that of the laser, and to the square of the molecular number density; its sharpness is due to the absence of a molecular transition. The generation of photon pairs ω−n+ωn, where ωn=ωL+nωR, can occur for all values of n, but it is most efficient for n=1, due to resonance in the appropriate molecular hyperpolarizability and to the intensity of the Stokes beam at ω−1.

The Journal of Chemical Physics•Jul 1, 1965•24 citations

Spectrum of an anti-Stokes Raman ion laser in Λ-schemes with various level parameters

Sergey A. Babin, Sergey I. Kablukov, Sergey M Kobtsev +2 more

The dependence of the Raman-laser output power in a standing-wave mode on the pump frequency located near the resonance with ionic levels is studied. The emission spectra in two Λ-schemes of Ar II with different lifetimes of the final levels are compared. In the scheme with a long-lived final state, a sharp peak with an amplitude exceeding the amplitude of a broad contour by a factor of 1.5 — 2 is observed at the exact resonance, whereas no spectral features are observed near the resonance in the scheme with a short-lived final level. The effect is analysed within the framework of a model taking into account the Coulomb scattering of ions. It is shown that the peak forms due to a difference in the broadening of the Bennett structures in the population distribution of the operating levels over velocities. In the second Λ-scheme, the contribution of the final level is small in amplitude, and a sharp peak in the spectrum disappears in accordance with the predictions of the model.

Quantum Electronics•May 31, 2002•0 citations
Continuous-wave generation of the anti-Stokes Raman laser is demonstrated in the new \ensuremathΛ\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremathΛ scheme Ar\mathrm{Ar}Ar II 3d\ensuremath′2G9/2\ensuremath→4p\ensuremath′2F7/2\ensuremath→4s\ensuremath′2D5/2{3d}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{G}_{9/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4p}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{F}_{7/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4s}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{D}_{5/2}3d\ensuremath′2G9/2​\ensuremath→4p\ensuremath′2F7/2​\ensuremath→4s\ensuremath′2D5/2​ with quasimetastable initial and final levels. Red pump radiation with wavelength \ensuremathλp=611nm{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p}=611 \mathrm{nm}\ensuremathλp​=611nm from a dye laser that excites transition 3d\ensuremath′2G9/2\ensuremath→4p\ensuremath′2F7/2{3d}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{G}_{9/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4p}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{F}_{7/2}3d\ensuremath′2G9/2​\ensuremath→4p\ensuremath′2F7/2​ is converted into the blue radiation at \ensuremathλ=461nm\ensuremath{\lambda}=461 \mathrm{nm}\ensuremathλ=461nm (4p\ensuremath′2F7/2\ensuremath→4s\ensuremath′2D5/2){(4p}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{F}_{7/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{4s}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}^{2}{D}_{5/2})(4p\ensuremath′2F7/2​\ensuremath→4s\ensuremath′2D5/2​) with efficiency of about 3030%.30 The tunability range spans more than 20 GHz around exact resonance, which is five times broader than the Doppler contour. The output frequency \ensuremathω\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremathω is found to depend linearly on the frequency \ensuremathωp{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}\ensuremathωp​ of the pump field: \ensuremathω\ensuremath≃\ensuremathωp\ensuremathλp/\ensuremathλ.\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\simeq}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p}/\ensuremath{\lambda}.\ensuremathω\ensuremath≃\ensuremathωp​\ensuremathλp​/\ensuremathλ. A sharp peak of output power is observed in the spectral profile at the exact resonance instead of the well-known two-photon dip. The model is proposed that includes ionic scattering in plasma and interaction of the running pump and standing output waves. The theory offers an interpretation of the observed peak.
Summary form only given. A CW anti-Stokes Raman laser (ASRL) in ionic system enables up-conversion of high efficiency and large frequency shift. In a /spl Lambda/-system, the pump radiation of frequency /spl omega//sub p/ is converted into a Raman laser output of frequency /spl omega/ in the process of resonant interaction with ionic levels. Various schemes in ArII system with a metastable start level n and a short-lived final level l have been studied previously . Here we report on realization of ASRL in ArII system with long-lived final level 4s'/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ having a lifetime comparable with that for start metastable level 3d'/sup 2/G/sub 9/2/.
Continuous-wave generation of an anti-Stokes Raman laser on a number of blue-green argon-ion lines (4p-4s and 4p-3d) has been demonstrated with optical pumping from metastable levels 3d∣IH2{3\mathrm{d}}^{|\mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}2}3d∣IH2G and 3d4{3\mathrm{d}}^{4}3d4F. It is found that the population transfer rate is increased by a factor of 3--5 (and hence the output power of the Raman laser) owing to Coulomb diffusion in the velocity space. The excitation and relaxation rates for the metastable level have been measured. The Bennett hole on the metastable level has been recorded using the probe field technique. It has been shown that Coulomb diffusion changes the shape of the contour to an exponential cusplike profile. Its width exceeds the Lorentzian one by 100 times and is close to the Doppler width. Such a giant broadening is also confirmed by the shape of the absorption saturation curve.
The traditional Raman process alluded to in Chap. 13 is a three-state sequence of transitions in which radiative excitation (induced by a pump field) is followed by spontaneous emission that produces a final state differing from the initial state [Her50b] [Sho90, § 17.5]. When the final state of the sequence is more energetic than the initial state the resulting emission line (to the red of the pump wavelength) is known as a Stokes spectral line. The difference between the pump frequency and the Stokes frequency, the Raman frequency , defines the excitation energy of the final state relative to the initial state. When, instead, the final state has lower energy than the initial state, as can occur when the initial quantum state is already excited, then the emission is an anti-Stokes line, at a bluer wavelength than the pump field. The overall Raman scattering is a two-photon process. Typically Raman spectroscopy deals with molecules; the two-photon transitions are then between vibrational-rotational states, through electronically excited intermediate states, that are characterized in part by vibrational quantum number v and rotational angular momentum quantum numbers J, M . From any given excited electronic state there are many fluorescing transitions, corresponding to various vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the final state. The wavelengths of the various Stokes and anti-Stokes lines (i.e. the Raman frequencies) characterize the particular molecular species, and so they have provided a valuable diagnostic tool for spectroscopists.
The anti-Stokes Raman laser process is an interesting method for frequency upconversion and generation of tunable UV radiation. This method requires no index matching and allows high-conversion efficiencies and output energies and large frequency shifts in a single step. A basic requirement is a population inversion between a metastable level and a suitable lower-lying level. So far anti- Stokes laser emission has been demonstrated using the metastable TI (6P3/2). l(5P1/2). and Br (4P1/2) levels, where a population inversion with respect to the corresponding atomic ground states has been generated by photodissociation of suitable compounds.1-3 For the Tl system efficiencies of 10 % and output energies of ~1 mJ (at 377 nm) have been reported,1 and with Br a shortest wavelength of 149 nm was possible by upconversion of 157.5-nm radiation of a F2 laser.3
A simple description of the stimulated Raman emission of Stokes radiation, and of the induced absorption found by Stoicheff at the anti-Stokes frequency, is based on the semiclassical theory of radiation. This theory gives the well-known formulas for absorption and stimulated emission when carried to the first order in the time-dependent perturbation due to the interaction of the light beam with the molecules. If there are two light beams of frequencies ωL and ω, the second-order perturbation may be associated with stimulated emission at the Stokes frequency ω=ω−1=ωL—ωR and with induced absorption at the anti-Stokes frequency ω=ω1=ωL+ωR, where ωL is the laser frequency and ωR a Raman-active vibrational frequency; in both cases, there is a molecular transition to the excited vibrational state. The highly directional and very sharp anti-Stokes emission at ω1 arises from the conversion by molecules in intense beams at ωL and ω−1 of two ωL photons into an ω−1, ω1 pair. Like spontaneous emission from excited states, the production of this anti-Stokes radiation requires the full quantum theory of radiation for an adequate description. The emission of ω1 and the observed directional absorption of ω−1 due to the reverse conversion ω−1+ω1→2ωL are explained. The anti-Stokes emission is proportional to the Stokes intensity and to the square of that of the laser, and to the square of the molecular number density; its sharpness is due to the absence of a molecular transition. The generation of photon pairs ω−n+ωn, where ωn=ωL+nωR, can occur for all values of n, but it is most efficient for n=1, due to resonance in the appropriate molecular hyperpolarizability and to the intensity of the Stokes beam at ω−1.
The dependence of the Raman-laser output power in a standing-wave mode on the pump frequency located near the resonance with ionic levels is studied. The emission spectra in two Λ-schemes of Ar II with different lifetimes of the final levels are compared. In the scheme with a long-lived final state, a sharp peak with an amplitude exceeding the amplitude of a broad contour by a factor of 1.5 — 2 is observed at the exact resonance, whereas no spectral features are observed near the resonance in the scheme with a short-lived final level. The effect is analysed within the framework of a model taking into account the Coulomb scattering of ions. It is shown that the peak forms due to a difference in the broadening of the Bennett structures in the population distribution of the operating levels over velocities. In the second Λ-scheme, the contribution of the final level is small in amplitude, and a sharp peak in the spectrum disappears in accordance with the predictions of the model.