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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Atomic beam saturation and resonance fluorescence spectroscopy of a calcium intercombination line

Ulrich Klingbeil, J. Kowalski, Frank N. Trager, H. B. Wiegemann, G. ZU PUTLITZ

Published Aug 31, 1978• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Saturation spectroscopy was extended to very weak spectral lines and thermal atomic beams. Application of this method to a weak calcium intercombination line made it possible to observe Lamb dips by monitoring resonance fluorescence. The results of the experiments are discussed in relation to high-precision measurements of atomic and molecular energy level splittings.

DOI
10.1070/qe1978v008n08abeh010639

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Saturation spectroscopy was extended to very weak spectral lines and thermal atomic beams. Application of this method to a weak calcium intercombination line made it possible to observe Lamb dips by monitoring resonance fluorescence. The results of the experiments are discussed in relation to high-precision measurements of atomic and molecular energy level splittings.
Experiments were carried out using a Ca atomic beam and a tunable dye laser. Lamb dips were obtained in the fluorescence line of various Ca isotopes. It is shown that the narrow signals associated with saturation of the 4s2 1S0–4s4p 3P1, intercombination transition are potentially useful for frequency standards and highresolution spectroscopy. Measurements were made of the nuclear charge radii of six stable Ca isotopes. Radiofrequency transitions between excited state sublevels were studied. The nuclear quadrupole moment of the rarely encountered isotope 43Ca was determined.
We demonstrate the presence of inverted crossover resonances (ICRs) in the intercombination line of171Yb (I=1/2) with the use of saturated fluorescence spectroscopy on an atomic beam. The principal lines involved in the crossover are symmetrically separated Zeeman transitions. The signals are observed for both the hyperfine lines of the171Yb1S0-3P1line. We use a four-level rate equation model to help validate the nature of the resonance. In the case of F'=3/2 (upper state) the resonance can be used to frequency stabilize laser light for laser cooling of171Yb. While that of the F'=1/2 ICR acts as a rather robust frequency reference with an overall fractional frequency uncertainty in the low 10-11range.
Abstract We present a spectroscopy scheme for the 7 kHz wide 689 nm intercombination line of strontium. We rely on shelving detection, where electrons are first excited to a metastable state by the spectroscopy laser before their state is probed using the broad transition at 461 nm. As in the similar setting of calcium beam clocks, this enhances dramatically the signal strength as compared to direct saturated fluorescence or absorption spectroscopy of the narrow line. We implement shelving spectroscopy both in directed atomic beams and hot vapor cells with isotropic atomic velocities. We measure a fractional frequency instability ∼2 × 10 −12 at 1s limited by technical noise—about one order of magnitude above shot noise limitations for our experimental parameters. Our work illustrates the robustness and flexibility of a scheme that can be very easily implemented in the reference cells or ovens of most existing strontium experiments, and may find applications for low-complexity clocks.
We demonstrate a new technique for saturated-absorption spectroscopy by use of copropagating beams that does not have the problem of crossover resonances. The pump beam is locked to a transition, and its absorption signal is monitored while the probe beam is scanned. As the probe comes into resonance with another transition, the pump absorption is reduced and the signal shows a Doppler-free dip. We use this technique to measure hyperfine intervals in the D2 line of 85Rb with a precision of 70 kHz and to resolve hyperfine levels in the D2 line of 39K that are less than 10 MHz apart.
We present a spectroscopy scheme for the 7-kHz-wide 689-nm intercombination line of strontium. We rely on shelving detection, where electrons are first excited to a metastable state by the spectroscopy laser before their state is probed using the broad transition at 461 nm. As in the similar setting of calcium beam clocks, this enhances dramatically the signal strength as compared to direct saturated fluorescence or absorption spectroscopy of the narrow line. We implement shelving spectroscopy both in directed atomic beams and hot vapor cells with isotropic atomic velocities. We measure a fractional frequency instability ∼2×10−12\sim 2 \times 10^{-12}∼2×10−12 at 1 s limited by technical noise - about one order of magnitude above shot noise limitations for our experimental parameters. Our work illustrates the robustness and flexibility of a scheme that can be very easily implemented in the reference cells or ovens of most existing strontium experiments, and may find applications for low-complexity clocks.