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Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)

Inverted crossover resonances with ΔF=0 or 1 inverted crossover resonances with the intercombination line of171Yb

John J. McFerran, Emeric de Clercq

Published Jul 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate the presence of inverted crossover resonances (ICRs) in the intercombination line of171Yb (I=1/2) with the use of saturated fluorescence spectroscopy on an atomic beam. The principal lines involved in the crossover are symmetrically separated Zeeman transitions. The signals are observed for both the hyperfine lines of the171Yb1S0-3P1line. We use a four-level rate equation model to help validate the nature of the resonance. In the case of F'=3/2 (upper state) the resonance can be used to frequency stabilize laser light for laser cooling of171Yb. While that of the F'=1/2 ICR acts as a rather robust frequency reference with an overall fractional frequency uncertainty in the low 10-11range.

DOI
10.1109/fcs.2017.8088910

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We demonstrate the presence of inverted crossover resonances (ICRs) in the intercombination line of171Yb (I=1/2) with the use of saturated fluorescence spectroscopy on an atomic beam. The principal lines involved in the crossover are symmetrically separated Zeeman transitions. The signals are observed for both the hyperfine lines of the171Yb1S0-3P1line. We use a four-level rate equation model to help validate the nature of the resonance. In the case of F'=3/2 (upper state) the resonance can be used to frequency stabilize laser light for laser cooling of171Yb. While that of the F'=1/2 ICR acts as a rather robust frequency reference with an overall fractional frequency uncertainty in the low 10-11range.
Abstract We carry out investigations of inverted crossover resonances (ICRs) in π -driven four-level systems where Δ F can be zero. Through the use of sub-Doppler frequency modulation spectroscopy of the ( 6 s 2 ) 1 S 0 − ( 6 s 6 p ) 3 P 1 transition in 171 Yb the resonance becomes manifest. The centre frequency is inherently insensitive to first-order Zeeman shifts and equates to the two-level resonance frequency in the absence of a magnetic field. A rate equation model is used to help validate the nature of the resonance. Optical frequency measurements of the F ′ = 1 / 2 hyperfine line recorded over two months demonstrate a statistical uncertainty of 2 × 10 −11 . The ICR found with the F ′ = 3 / 2 line is used for 556 nm laser frequency stabilisation, which is an alternative means when applied to magneto-optical trapping of 171 Yb.
We observe an inverted crossover resonance in π-driven four-level systems, where F′−F=0,+1. The signal is observed through saturated absorption spectroscopy of the (6s2)S01−(6s6p)P13 transition in Yb171, where the nuclear spin I=1/2. The enhanced absorption signal is used to generate a dispersive curve for 556 nm laser frequency stabilization and the stabilized light cools Yb171 atoms in a two-stage magneto-optical trap, achieving temperatures of 20 μK. The Doppler-free spectroscopy scheme is further used to measure isotopic frequency shifts and hyperfine separations for the inter-combination line in ytterbium.
Anomalous saturated absorption providing a stable laser lock for 171^{171}171Yb laser cooling
We identify an inverted Lamb dip in the saturated absorption spectroscopy of the (6s2)(6s^{2})(6s2) 1S0^{1}S_{0}1S0​ −-− (6s6p)(6s6p)(6s6p) 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ transition in 171^{171}171Yb. The signal has only been observed with the two hyperfine lines of this spin I=12I=\frac{1}{2}I=21​ isotope. For both lines the application of a dc magnetic field transforms a two-level scheme into a four-level scheme, with degeneracy only marginally lifted in the ground state. The atoms are excited through π\piπ transitions, while the de-excitation process completes a simple optical pumping scheme. However, the full explanation of the enhanced absorption is yet to be determined. The anomalous absorption signal is used to generate a dispersive curve for 556 nm laser stabilisation and the stabilised light cools 171^{171}171Yb atoms in a two-stage magneto-optical trap, achieving temperatures below 50 μ\muμK. The Doppler-free spectroscopy scheme is further used to measure isotopic frequency shifts and hyperfine separations for the intercombination line in Yb.
Optical frequency measurements of the intercombination line $(6{s}^{2})\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}(6s6p)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ in the isotopes of ytterbium are carried out with the use of sub-Doppler fluorescence spectroscopy on an atomic beam. A dispersive signal is generated to which a master laser is locked, while frequency counting of an auxiliary beat signal is performed via a frequency comb referenced to a hydrogen maser. The relative separations between the lines are used to evaluate the 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​-level magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole constants for the fermionic isotopes. The center of gravity for the 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ levels in 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb and 173Yb^{173}\mathrm{Yb}173Yb are also evaluated, where we find significant disagreement with previously reported values. These hyperfine constants provide a valuable testbed for atomic many-body computations in ytterbium.
Abstract An experiment on the saturated absorption spectroscopy (SAS) of 87Rb-D2 line is performed using the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam as structured light. The theoretical simulation of which is done by considering a four-level atom-laser coupled system. The theoretically simulated spectra fairly match with the experimentally observed spectra. The line-width narrowing behavior of both the observed hyperfine and crossover resonances in the Doppler-broadened probe absorption spectra is attributed by the spatially dependent Rabi frequency of the pump LG beam irrespective of the characteristics of the probe beam. The results also illustrated that the narrowing behavior of the line shapes of the hyperfine structure using the LG beam is universal in nature, i.e. irrespective of hyperfine or crossover transitions. This structured light-induced narrowing of line-width of the sub-Doppler hyperfine and crossover resonances can be utilized for high-precision laser frequency locking at a particular hyperfine or crossover transition. Moreover, a significant narrowing of hyperfine and crossover resonances with the variation of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) number of the LG beam shows that the generated SAS signal can be manipulated by using the OAM of the structured light as a control knob.
Subnatural-width resonances due to coherent effects in optical pumping at hyperfine (hf) transitions of Rb are investigated using a linearly or circularly polarized single-frequency diode laser beam. The sign and amplitude of the resonances in the fluorescence are measured by scanning the laser frequency over the hf transitions of the Rb D 1 and D 2 lines. The fluorescence perpendicular to the laser beam is detected as a function of magnetic field parallel to the beam propagation and scanned around zero value. In the case of linear polarization of the field, dark resonances are observed for hf transitions with F g → F e = F g -1 and F g → F e = F g , and bright resonances are observed for transitions with F g → F e = F g + 1. This is in agreement with the recently developed theories. For all (except F g = 2→ F e = 3, 85 Rb, D 1 line) hf transitions the sign of the resonances reverses when the polarization of the field changes to circular. The amplitudes of the resonances correspond to the probability of the hf transitions and to the calculated loss rate of the population to the ground hf level not excited by the laser field. The observed narrow resonances (FWHM: few tens of kHz) and their sensitivity to weak magnetic fields are interesting for high-resolution spectroscopy and for development of simple and precise magnetometers.