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Physical Review Letters

Suppression of a Recoil Component in Nonlinear Doppler-Free Spectroscopy

F. Riehle, Jun Ishikawa, J. Helmcke

Published Oct 31, 1988• 42 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new method to suppress one of the two recoil components in saturation and Ramsey spectroscopy is presented. It is applied to the calcium intercombination line $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{3}P_{1}$ ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\cong}675$ nm) by optical pumping of the calcium atoms from the metastable $^{3}P_{1}$ state through the $^{3}S_{1}$ state into the $^{3}P_{0}$ or the $^{3}P_{2}$ states. The suppression of the low-frequency recoil component could be deduced in saturated absorption from a narrowing and shift of the Lamb dip as well as observed directly in Ramsey fringe spectroscopy when the recoil doublet was resovled.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.61.2092

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A new method to suppress one of the two recoil components in saturation and Ramsey spectroscopy is presented. It is applied to the calcium intercombination line 1S0\ensuremath−3P1^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{3}P_{1}1S0​\ensuremath−3P1​ (\ensuremathλ\ensuremath≅675\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\cong}675\ensuremathλ\ensuremath≅675 nm) by optical pumping of the calcium atoms from the metastable 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ state through the 3S1^{3}S_{1}3S1​ state into the 3P0^{3}P_{0}3P0​ or the 3P2^{3}P_{2}3P2​ states. The suppression of the low-frequency recoil component could be deduced in saturated absorption from a narrowing and shift of the Lamb dip as well as observed directly in Ramsey fringe spectroscopy when the recoil doublet was resovled.
The high-frequency recoil component is suppressed in the optical Ramsey resonance by utilizing optical pumping from the ground state to one of the magnetic sublevels of the upper state. This method requires no extra laser for suppression. With a moderate pump power and an exact tuning of the magnetic field, the high-frequency recoil component of the Ca intercombination line 1^{1}1${\mathit{S}}_{0\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ was suppressed completely.
We demonstrate coherent Doppler-free three-photon excitation of the $^{1}S_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{0}$ optical clock transition and the $^{1}S_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ intercombination transition in free-space thermal clouds of 88Sr^{88}\mathrm{Sr}88Sr atoms. By appropriate orientation of the wave vectors of three lasers incident on the atoms, the first-order Doppler shift can be eliminated for all velocity classes. Three-photon excitation of the $^{1}S_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ transition enables high-contrast Ramsey spectroscopy with interrogation times comparable to the $21\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\textmu{}\mathrm{s}$ natural lifetime using a single near-resonant laser source. Three-photon spectroscopy on the $^{1}S_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{0}$ clock transition, using only laser frequencies nearly resonant with the $^{1}S_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{0}$ and $^{1}S_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ transitions, enables a reduction in Doppler broadening by two orders of magnitude and a corresponding $\ensuremath{\sim}470\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$ linewidth without a confining potential.
We present a cooling method that should be generally applicable to atoms with narrow optical transitions. This technique uses velocity-selective pulses to drive atoms towards a zero-velocity dark state and then quenches the excited state to increase the cooling rate. We demonstrate this technique of quenched narrow-line cooling by reducing the 1D temperature of a sample of neutral 40Ca{}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}40Ca atoms. We cool selected velocities with the 1S0(4s2)3P1(4s4p){}^{1}{S}_{0}{(4s}^{2}{)}^{3}{P}_{1}(4s4p)1S0​(4s2)3P1​(4s4p) 657-nm intercombination line and quench with the 3P1(4s4p)1S0(4s5s){}^{3}{P}_{1}{(4s4p)}^{1}{S}_{0}(4s5s)3P1​(4s4p)1S0​(4s5s) intercombination line at 553 nm, which increases the cooling rate eightfold. Limited only by available quenching laser power, we have transferred 18% of the atoms from our initial 2-mK velocity distribution and achieved temperatures as low as 4 \ensuremath{\mu}K, corresponding to a vrms{v}_{\mathrm{rms}}vrms​ of 2.8 cm/s or 2 recoils at 657 nm. This cooling technique, which is closely related to Raman cooling, can be extended to three dimensions.