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IEE Colloquium on Optical Fibre Gratings

Bistability and dynamic transient in active fibre-Bragg gratings

Xiaomei Wang

Published Jan 1, 1997• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have demonstrated bistability and dynamic transients as well as the modelling method in active optical fibre gratings with active medium where both non-linear Kerr interaction and chromatic dispersion are considered. The calculated results of the transmitted versus incident powers exhibit optical bistability for the static operation and transient oscillations for the dynamic operation. Higher optical gain causes smaller switching power and stronger bistable behaviour. (6 pages)

DOI
10.1049/ic:19970244

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We have demonstrated bistability and dynamic transients as well as the modelling method in active optical fibre gratings with active medium where both non-linear Kerr interaction and chromatic dispersion are considered. The calculated results of the transmitted versus incident powers exhibit optical bistability for the static operation and transient oscillations for the dynamic operation. Higher optical gain causes smaller switching power and stronger bistable behaviour. (6 pages)
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In the last chapter, we examined the effect of cubic nonlinearity on selfrefraction of an optical beam. We have also seen that the presence of a quadratic nonlinearity can also contribute to change in the profile of a Gaussian beam in a crystal. In this chapter we will see how the effect of nonlinearity, alongwith the proper feedback, can give rise to optical bistability and hysteresis. This is not unexpected as hysteresis and bistability are also observed in nonlinear electronic circuits with feedback, such as in the Schmitt trigger, as well as in hybrid optical devices, such as an acoustooptic device with feedback (Banerjee and Poon, 1991). In what follows, we will examine two different types of optically bistable devices based on optical nonlinearities. The first is a nonlinear ring resonator comprising a two-level gain medium as the nonlinear element. We will treat both absorptive and dispersive bistability. Absorptive bistability is the case when the incident optical frequency is close to or equal to the transition frequency of the atoms from one level to another. In this case, the absorption coefficient becomes a nonlinear function of the incident intensity. On the other hand, if the frequencies are far apart, the medium behaves like a Kerr-type material and the system exhibits what is called dispersive bistability. In this case the material can be modeled by an effective n2 or v (3), meaning that the refractive index becomes a nonlinear function of the optical intensity. The second configurationwewill examine is a linear-nonlinear interface. In this case, the interface provides the feedback due to refractive index mismatch. In fact, the reflection coefficient (as well as the transmission coefficient) is modified due to the nonlinearity, which, as we shall see later, is responsible for demonstrating optical switching and bistability.
In the past decade, experimental results of transient optical bistabilities in etalons of CdSxSe1-x doped glasses have been presented by many authors[1-3]. Switching speed of ns to ps orders has been obtained. However, there still do not exist a dynamics theory of this transient optical bistability. This paper emphasizes the dependence of the implementation of transient optical bistabilities on the incident pulse width, the media response time, the FP cavity establishing time, and also, the influence of the incident pulse width on the switching speed.