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Physical Review A

Measurement of the 4s4pP1−4s3dD1 spontaneous emission rate in calcium by use of a Stark-electric-quadrupole interference

Laurent Lellouch, L. R. Hunter

Published Oct 1, 1987• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An interference between electric quadrupole and Stark-induced dipole amplitudes is observed for the first time in calcium. From our measurement of the atomic polarization produced by this interference we obtain $A(4s4p^{1}P\ensuremath{-}4s3d^{1}D)=(3.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This result suggests that the laser cooling of atomic calcium is feasible.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.36.3490

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An interference between electric quadrupole and Stark-induced dipole amplitudes is observed for the first time in calcium. From our measurement of the atomic polarization produced by this interference we obtain A(4s4p1P\ensuremath−4s3d1D)=(3.68\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.89\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.11)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi103A(4s4p^{1}P\ensuremath{-}4s3d^{1}D)=(3.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}A(4s4p1P\ensuremath−4s3d1D)=(3.68\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.89\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.11)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi103 s\ensuremath−1{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}s\ensuremath−1. This result suggests that the laser cooling of atomic calcium is feasible.
An interference between electric quadrupole and Stark induced dipole amplitudes is observed for the first time. Measurement of this interference in atomic strontium permits the first experimental determination of the decay rate between the lowest 1P^{1}\mathrm{P}1P and metastable 1D^{1}\mathrm{D}1D levels in an alkaline-earth atom. We obtain the result A(5s5p-5s4d)=(3.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}103{10}^{3}103 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.
Quantum interference between an electric-quadrupole transition and a Stark--induced-dipole-transition amplitude leads to a net orientation of an atomic excited state. When the barium 6s2{\mathit{s}}^{2}s2 1S-6s5d 1^{1}1D transition is excited in the presence of an electric field, we find the induced orientation of the 6s5d 1^{1}1D state to be (2.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.59)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$(V/cm${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.
The Stark shift of the (4s)2{)}^{2})21{\mathrm{}}^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(4s4p)3{\mathrm{}}^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ transition in calcium was measured using a laser to excite an atomic beam as it traversed through a uniform electric field and a field-free region. The laser frequency was scanned across the transition, while fluorescence produced by the radiative decay of the excited state was detected. The frequency scan was calibrated using an acousto-optic modulator to frequency shift part of the laser beam. The Stark shift rate was found to be -12.314\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.041 kHz/(kV/cm)2{)}^{2})2, where the minus sign indicates the transition frequency decreases when the electric field is applied. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Using a pulsed tunable dye laser pumped by a nitrogen laser, the 4s4p 1 P 1 0 level in Ca I was selectively populated from the 4s 2 1 S 0 ground state. Transitions from the 4s4p 1 P 1 0 level to 4sns 1 S 0 and 4snd 1 D 2 and, for n approximately=20, also to 4snp 1 P 1 0 and 4snf 1 F 3 0 were observed. The latter transitions arise because of Stark mixing of Rydberg states in the field of laser-produced ions and electrons. By applying a voltage to electrodes in the calcium vapour, Stark shifts were measured for levels belonging to the 4snf 1 F 3 0 and 4s(n+1)d 1 D 2 series in a region where the series cross. Diagonalisation of the energy matrix for interacting states with hydrogenic dipole matrix elements gave theoretical Stark shifts in reasonable agreement with those measured. The 4snf 1 F 3 0 series has been extended from n=12 to n=28 by absorption from 4s3d 1 D 2 . The latter level was found to be populated by stimulated emission from 4s4p 1 P 1 0 .
Laser excitation of the 4s4p3P2−−4s3d1D24s4p {}^{3}{P}_{2} -- 4s3d {}^{1}{D}_{2}4s4p3P2​−−4s3d1D2​ transition in atomic calcium has been observed and the wavelength determined to 1530.5298(6) nm. The metastable 4s4p3P24s4p {}^{3}{P}_{2}4s4p3P2​ atoms were magnetically trapped in the quadrupole magnetic field of a magneto-optical trap. This state represents the only ``loss'' channel for the calcium atoms when laser cooled on the 4s21S0−−4s4p1P14{s}^{2} {}^{1}{S}_{0} -- 4s4p {}^{1}{P}_{1}4s21S0​−−4s4p1P1​ transition. A rate equation model shows that an order of magnitude more atoms are trapped in this state compared with those taking part in the main cooling cycle. Excitation of the 3P2{}^{3}{P}_{2}3P2​ atoms back up to the 4s3d1D24s3d {}^{1}{D}_{2}4s3d1D2​ state provides a means of accessing these atoms. Efficient repumping is achieved if the 1530-nm laser is used in conjunction with a 672-nm laser driving the 4s3d1D2−−4s5p1P14s3d {}^{1}{D}_{2} -- 4s5p {}^{1}{P}_{1}4s3d1D2​−−4s5p1P1​ transition. In the present experiment, we detected about $4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ trapped 3P2{}^{3}{P}_{2}3P2​ atoms, a relatively low atom density, and measured a lifetime of approximately 1 s, which is limited by background collisions.
We have measured the magnetic dipole (M1) and electric quadrupole (E2) amplitudes in the D1 transition of rubidium atoms placed in a static electric field, ${\mathit{scrE}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathit{s}}$. The interference of the Stark induced M1 and E2 amplitudes with the normal E1 amplitude gives the atomic absorptivity a linear dependence on ${\mathit{scrE}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathit{s}}$ and on the atomic spin polarization. We find that the fractional change in absorptivity due to the Stark interference is aM1{\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{M}1}aM1​+aE2{\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{E}2}aE2​=(-2.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.28)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ (kV/cm${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.