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IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

Measurement technique for the quotient of cross sections /spl sigma//sub e/(/spl lambda//sub s/)//spl sigma//sub a/(/spl lambda//sub s/) of erbium-doped fibers

Herwig Zech

Published Sep 1, 1995• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A method for the measurement of the quotient of the emission and absorption cross section of erbium-doped fibers is presented which utilizes the spontaneous emission perpendicular to the fiber axis. The maximum population of the first excited state achievable through illumination by signal light (/spl lambda//sub s/=1530 nm) is fixed by the quotient of the absorption and the emission cross section. This fact is used to determine the desired quotient. First measurements show that this method is very simple and highly accurate.>

DOI
10.1109/68.414677

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A method for the measurement of the quotient of the emission and absorption cross section of erbium-doped fibers is presented which utilizes the spontaneous emission perpendicular to the fiber axis. The maximum population of the first excited state achievable through illumination by signal light (/spl lambda//sub s/=1530 nm) is fixed by the quotient of the absorption and the emission cross section. This fact is used to determine the desired quotient. First measurements show that this method is very simple and highly accurate.>
A detailed set of measurements is presented on determining the emission and absorption cross sections of Er/sup 3+/ doped fibers for the /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ to /sup 4/I/sub 15/2/ transition. Two techniques are employed: the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg analysis, based on spectroscopic data, and a more direct technique involving optical saturation of the transition. The cross sections, and in particular their ratio, are significantly different for the two techniques. Possible reasons for this are discussed, and it is concluded that the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg approach is inappropriate in this situation.>
The measurement technique described in the original article [see ibid., vol. 31, p. 1866-7 (1996)] determines an effective absorption constant /spl alpha//sub eff/ summarising all nonsaturable absorption effects as fibre background absorption, pair induced quenching, and excited state absorption. We have shown that /spl alpha//sub e/ff) is very well suited for a comparison between theory and experiment for erbium doped fibre amplifiers. No further information about the relative strength of each effect is needed.
A study of the complex atomic susceptibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near the 1.53- mu m transition (/sup 4/I/sub 13/2/-/sup 4/I/sub 15/2/) developed from a semiclassical theoretical description is presented. Expressions for the emission cross section sigma /sub e/( lambda ) and absorption cross section sigma /sub a/( lambda ) of erbium:glass as a quasi-three-level laser system with Stark-split sublevel manifolds are derived. The results are used to calculate the cross sections of aluminosilicate erbium-doped fibers at low temperatures (T=4.2, 77 K) and at room temperature. It is demonstrated that an expression for the gain coefficient of the fiber amplifier can be derived from the expression of the susceptibility. Using Kramers-Kronig relations, an expression for the refractive index change in the fiber is derived. The theoretical spectral gain profile of the fiber amplifier and concurrent refractive index changes are analyzed for different pumping regimes.>
A method of measuring the local fractional population of the upper state /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ of an erbium-doped amplifier is investigated. The local fractional population is related theoretically by EDF parameters to the local spontaneous emission (SE) power that leaks laterally from the EDF. The proportional constant between the fractional population and the detected SE power is determined experimentally by measuring saturated spontaneous emission power. The local fractional population of a 19.7 m-long EDF, pumped with a 1.48 mu m light and injected with a 1.552 mu m signal light, was measured by detecting the local SE power with a Ge photodiode having a diameter of 2 mm. The measured fractional population coincides with the calculated value.>
An application to transitions involving thermalized states of a procedure based on the McCumber theory to determine emission and absorption cross sections in waveguides from transversal fluorescence spectra is presented. The procedure is tested in Er-doped Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides to provide accurate cross-section values for the recently attractive 550-nm band. We also study the excited-state absorption transition around 860 nm and present, to our knowledge, the first published cross-section values for this transition.