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Journal of Lightwave Technology

Local fractional population measurement of the upper state /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier

H. Masuda

Published Jan 1, 1992• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A method of measuring the local fractional population of the upper state /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ of an erbium-doped amplifier is investigated. The local fractional population is related theoretically by EDF parameters to the local spontaneous emission (SE) power that leaks laterally from the EDF. The proportional constant between the fractional population and the detected SE power is determined experimentally by measuring saturated spontaneous emission power. The local fractional population of a 19.7 m-long EDF, pumped with a 1.48 mu m light and injected with a 1.552 mu m signal light, was measured by detecting the local SE power with a Ge photodiode having a diameter of 2 mm. The measured fractional population coincides with the calculated value.>

DOI
10.1109/50.184891

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Method for estimating gain coefficient spectrum of erbium-doped fiber based on net gain–loss measurement employing ^4I_13/2 level pumping

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The method for estimating the gain coefficient spectrum of an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The method employs a net gain-loss measurement that uses the 4I(13/2) level pumping of the EDF and the McCumber relation. A formula used to obtain the quotient of the gain and loss coefficient from the net gain-loss measurement is derived to determine the parameter in the McCumber relation. It is confirmed that the gain coefficient spectrum of an EDF estimated with the method coincides with the value estimated using a conventional net gain-loss measurement that employs the 4I(11/2) level pumping. The method is successfully applied to an erbium/ytterbium-doped fiber, for which it is impossible to perform a conventional net gain-loss measurement with pumping at the 4I(11/2) level of erbium ions because of the absorption transition of ytterbium ions from 2F(7/2) to 2F(5/2) levels.

Optics Letters•Mar 12, 2014•6 citations
A method of measuring the local fractional population of the upper state /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ of an erbium-doped amplifier is investigated. The local fractional population is related theoretically by EDF parameters to the local spontaneous emission (SE) power that leaks laterally from the EDF. The proportional constant between the fractional population and the detected SE power is determined experimentally by measuring saturated spontaneous emission power. The local fractional population of a 19.7 m-long EDF, pumped with a 1.48 mu m light and injected with a 1.552 mu m signal light, was measured by detecting the local SE power with a Ge photodiode having a diameter of 2 mm. The measured fractional population coincides with the calculated value.>
A method for the measurement of the quotient of the emission and absorption cross section of erbium-doped fibers is presented which utilizes the spontaneous emission perpendicular to the fiber axis. The maximum population of the first excited state achievable through illumination by signal light (/spl lambda//sub s/=1530 nm) is fixed by the quotient of the absorption and the emission cross section. This fact is used to determine the desired quotient. First measurements show that this method is very simple and highly accurate.>
For a monochromatic input signal launched into an erbium-doped fiber (EDF), a broadband fluorescence spectrum will be generated with total power approximately 30 dB lower than input signal power. The forward fluorescence power decays slowly at long EDF length due to smaller absorption cross section for wavelength components away from absorption peak. Care must be taken when the conventional cutback method is used to measure the attenuation of the optical signals in an EDF. The backward fluorescence power is saturated to a constant level, and the spectrum does not change for long EDF.>
A study of the complex atomic susceptibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near the 1.53- mu m transition (/sup 4/I/sub 13/2/-/sup 4/I/sub 15/2/) developed from a semiclassical theoretical description is presented. Expressions for the emission cross section sigma /sub e/( lambda ) and absorption cross section sigma /sub a/( lambda ) of erbium:glass as a quasi-three-level laser system with Stark-split sublevel manifolds are derived. The results are used to calculate the cross sections of aluminosilicate erbium-doped fibers at low temperatures (T=4.2, 77 K) and at room temperature. It is demonstrated that an expression for the gain coefficient of the fiber amplifier can be derived from the expression of the susceptibility. Using Kramers-Kronig relations, an expression for the refractive index change in the fiber is derived. The theoretical spectral gain profile of the fiber amplifier and concurrent refractive index changes are analyzed for different pumping regimes.>
A model is presented for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that operate by an upconversion process in which two pump photons at ~800 nm are absorbed and can provide an inverted population and hence the ability to amplify signal photons at ~850 nm. The most important spectroscopic features of the amplifier are identified and used to formulate a theory that predicts how the amplifier gain varies with fiber length and doping density, as well as with launched pump and signal powers. The limitation that amplified spontaneous emission imposes on the gain is investigated, and useful approximate formulas are derived in the limit where amplified spontaneous emission is negligible.
The method for estimating the gain coefficient spectrum of an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The method employs a net gain-loss measurement that uses the 4I(13/2) level pumping of the EDF and the McCumber relation. A formula used to obtain the quotient of the gain and loss coefficient from the net gain-loss measurement is derived to determine the parameter in the McCumber relation. It is confirmed that the gain coefficient spectrum of an EDF estimated with the method coincides with the value estimated using a conventional net gain-loss measurement that employs the 4I(11/2) level pumping. The method is successfully applied to an erbium/ytterbium-doped fiber, for which it is impossible to perform a conventional net gain-loss measurement with pumping at the 4I(11/2) level of erbium ions because of the absorption transition of ytterbium ions from 2F(7/2) to 2F(5/2) levels.